论中西方文化中乌鸦意象的文化意义.docx
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论中西方文化中乌鸦意象的文化意义.docx
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论中西方文化中乌鸦意象的文化意义
本科毕业论文
题目:
论中西方文化中乌鸦意象的文化意义
TableofContents
Acknowledgements
Firstofall,Iwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetomysupervisor,ProfessorLiYaminforhiswarm-heartedencouragements,valuableinstructionsandthoughtfulcommentsforthisthesis.HisguidanceandencouragementhavemadethisthesisabetteronethanIcaneverpossiblyproduce.
AndIamalsoextremelygratefultoalltheprofessorsandteacherswhotaughtmeandenlightenedmeinthepastyearsofmystudyattheAgriculturalUniversityofHebei.Theirlectureshavelaidthesolidfoundationforthisthesis.
Then,Iwouldalsoliketogivemyspecialappreciationtomyclassmatesandroommatesfortheirpatienceinhelpingmecollectmaterialswithoutwhichmypaperwouldnotbefinishedsosmoothly.
Finally,Iwanttotakethisopportunitytothankmyfamilymemberswhohavegiventheirsupportandencouragementduringthefouryearsofmyundergraduatestudy.
WangYanjiaoJune12,2010
【摘要】古今中外,鸟和人类的生存与发展息息相关。
在人类漫长的岁月里,各民族的人们有意或无意地把鸟类人格化或神灵化,并依据鸟类的外貌和习性等特征赋予他们特定的寓意来寄托自己的感情,而乌鸦正是其中一个典型的例子。
它是中西方文化,尤其是文学作品中重要的禽鸟意象,其身上承载的意义丰富多彩,并受不同历史时期的影响而不断变化,但总体被赋予了积极意义和消极意义面。
本文将就着两个方面做逐一探讨,以期更好的理解乌鸦意象在不同文化中的内涵。
【关键字】中西方文化;乌鸦;乌鸦意象;文化意义
【Abstract】Thebirdsarecloselyconnectedwiththesurvivalanddevelopmentofhumanbeingsinmoderntimesorancient,inChinaorinabroad.Duringthelongyearsofhumanhistory,peopleofdifferentnationspersonifyanddeifythebirdsconsciouslyorunconsciously.Andpeoplefocusontheirfeelingsbygivingthebirdssomespecificimplicationsaccordingtotheappearancehabitsandcharacteristicsofthebirds,andatypicalexamplefoewhichisthecrow.ThecrowistheimportantbirdimageintheChineseandwesternculture,especiallyintheliteraryworks.Anditcarriestoomuchhumanemotionandthereprehensivemeaningofitiscolorfulandrich.Bythedifferenthistoricalperiodsanddifferentculturalinfluences,thecrowsaregivenavarietyofimages.Butallinall,nomatterinChinesecultureorinwesternculture,thecrowisacontradictoryimage;thatistosay,therearetwosidesofit:
thepositivemeaningandthenegativemeaning.Thispassageisbasedonthetwosidestoprobeintothecrowinculture.Itisthepurposeofthispapertomakeastatementofthemonebyone,onlythroughdetailanalysiscanreadersobtainfurtherappreciationandbetterunderstandingoftheirculturalcononation.
【KeyWords】Chineseandwesternculture;crow;theimageofcrow;theculturalmeaning
1Introduction
Byprobingintotheculturalconnotationofcrow,thispaperstatesthateachwordnotonlybearstherationalmeaningwhichishumanbeingsunderstandingoftheobjectiveworld,butalsoconcentratestheculturalmeaninginhumansocialpractice,whichisresultofthesyntheticeffectsofmanyfactors,suchasculturalbackground,folkcustom,etiquette,niceornastypsychology.Everythinghasitsorigin.NomatterinChineseorinwesternworld,thesignificanceofcrowexperiencestheprocessofchanging.
InChina,astocrow’sreputation,alotofpeoplehavealreadybeenfullofsensesofdetestingtosuchhastyandcarelessandwickedbirdwithuglyappearanceininfluencingbythesurroundingssincechildhood,butoncespeakingtothepigeonormagpie,wewillputanotherperspectivelookatonce.ButintheTangDynasty,thecrowwasoncethatonekindwasconsideredastheluckybird,thewindingevolutionofitsreputationhassomethingtodowithit’smoralandpersonificationwiththepeopleatthattimetoo,fromwhichwecanalsoseealotofpopularitytogothroughtheintegrationofsociallifetoadapttotheprevailingmoralorderandpoliticaldemands.However,thedevelopmentofcrowinwesternisnotastwistasinChina.Yet,italsoconveysthepositivemeaningaswellasthenegativemeaning.LikeinChina,thecrowisaverycompleximageinwesternculture.Itisnotonlythesymbolofwisdomandintelligence,butalsothesymbolofdespairanddeath.
Thecrowhasalonghistory,andithaswitnessedthedevelopmentandprogressofhumancivilization,itsimagesareoftenseeninChineseandforeigncultures.Infact,ithasfarexceededitsbiologicalsignificanceasabird,carryingtoomuchhumanemotion,anditisspokenbymenofletterstoexpresstheirfeelingsunfailingly.Bythedifferenthistoricalperiodsanddifferentculturalinfluences,crowsaregivenavarietyofimages.Butallinall,nomatterinChineseandnegativemeaningofit:
thecrowisacontradictoryimage,thatistosay,therearetwosidesofit:
thepositivemeaningandthenegativemeaning.Thispassageisbasedonthetwosidestoprobeintothecrowinculture,sothatitisgoodforpeopletounderstandtheconnotationofcrowindifferentculture.
2TheAnalysisofCrowinChineseCulture
2.1ThePositiveMeaning
IntheheartsoftheChinesepeople,thecrowhasbecomeanominoussign.However,inhistory,datingbacktotheoriginandevolutionoftheraven,wewillfindthatitsculturalsymbolismisrathercomplextransformation.Atfirst,thecrowhasthepositivemeaning,anditisseenasthemysteriousandfilialbird.
2.1.1Themysteriousbird
RavensareconsideredasolarsymbolinChinesemythology.Whydopeoplerelatetheraventothesuntogether?
AtfirstpeoplelinkingtheraventoUkraine,isbasedontheprimitivesimplicityoftheoriginalperiodofthinking,sunworship,theYitribebirdtotemworshipandsunspotsandblackgasphenomenathroughancientthinkingconsolidationtogether,andeventuallybecomeYangWuasamyth.Thecrowintheancientpeople’sheartissacred.AsthegreatworkoftheMountainandSeaClassicssay:
汤谷上有扶木,一日方至,一日方出,皆载于乌。
《论衡·说日篇》云:
“儒者曰:
‘日中有三足乌,月中有兔。
”Themeaningisthat,inthesuntherearetwoimagestherabbitandthecrow,andintheancientpeople’heart,thesunisthedefiedandworshipfulimage.Fromthatwecanseethepositionofthecrowinancienttimes.Intheunearthedrelics,thereisthefigureofraven.InYangshaoculture,thepotteriesarepaintedaflyingraven.ChangshaMawangduiunearthedthetomboftheinitialperiodofwesternHanDynastymarchionessXinzhui.Therepaintsapicture.Onthecover,therestandsagoldenUkraineinthesun.Thepaintingdepictsthethreeworlds:
thehell,theearthandtheheaventhattheexpressionoftheancientsthoughtoflifeanddeath.Attheheaven'spart,andthestrangeninesunshineintheboughs,locatedabovethesolarmaximum,andagoldenravenstandsamongthesun.Thehavenisaplacewherepeopleimaginehavingbetterlife.Xinzhuiwantshersoulcanentertohaven,andhastheeternallife.Thereisnodoubtthatthegoldencrowisadivinebird.SowecanseethattheearlyWesternHanDynastyistheinheritedthefaithbeliefoftheoriginalancestors.
Crowisasecretandfulloflegendarybird,insuchmaterials,themostfamousexampleisthegreatthinkerofConfuciusandValorofthe3000soldiersofthe"LegendsoftheRaven".Accordingtothelegend,afterConfuciustravelaroundtheworld,thereputationandfameisknownbymostofpeopleandhismanydiscipleshavebeentheministersofthevassalstates,sothathispoliticalviewsgraduallyimplementedinthevassalstates.Thisendangerstheinterestsofthevassalstatesownministers,inparticular,especiallyintheStateofLu.Therefore,theyaredoingeverythingpossibletolookforopportunitiestoattempttomurderConfucius.Oneday,ConfuciusandhisdiscipleshuntintheNepalesemountains,suddenly,fromallaroundanumberofbanditryrushtothem,andhisdiscipleswhosufferheavycasualtiesandlaunchadesperatestrugglewiththebanditry.Inthecrisismoment,therearecountlesscrowssuddenlyfromheaven,theyquicklyrushtothebanditry,andusetheirmouthorclawtoattacktheenemy'seyes,whichmakethebanditryblind,andmakethemfled.Confuciusandhisdisciplesaresavedatlast.Fromthenon,wheneverConfuciustravels,thereisalwaysagroupofcrowshoveringabout,escortingtoConfucius,inthelegend,thecrowbecometheprotectorofConfucius.
2.1.2TheFilialBird
InthetraditionalancientChineseculture,thecrowisconsideredafilialbird.Itissaidthatafterthelittercrowisgrownupbyhismother,andwhenhismotherisoldandfeebleandcannotfly,hewouldflyouttofindfoodandfeedbacktohismother.Thisspiritiscalledthecrowfeedback,whichisontheappetitethefilialspiritwhichadvocatebytheConfuciusdoctrine.ThisisChina'sfeudalrule,underthedynasticadvocacytomatchtheConfucianculture,XiaoisthecornerstoneofChinesemoralethics,startingfromtheConfucianpreciselytodefinethevirtuesoffilialpiety,parentsasalife-giving,andtendingto,notonlyhavealoving,butalsohelptheirchildrenandotherstoestablishtheinitialconnectionandcontact,therefore,theConfuciusadvocatesthatweshouldrespectourteachersandweshouldholdourspiritualvirtuesloyalty,whicharetheextendedofthefilialpiety.Andfilialpietyhasthesamestructureandnatureofthefittness.WhentheConfucianismestablishesthedominatedpositioninHandynasty,"filialpiety"becometheConfucianfamilyethicspromulgatedbythecorecontent,butrosetopoliticaldiscourse,andcreatestheofficialtitleof"giveXiaolian",whichisamajoreventinChinasinceancienttimes.Itmusthavemiraculousbeginningofalltopromotethe"filialpiety"ofcourse,butwhocanreceivethiskindofresponsibility.Althoughthedeclineofthesunmyth,themythaboutthesunbirdsinpeople'svisiongraduallydisappeared,thebirdasthegodofthesunbirdstillremains.So,naturallythecrowbecomesthe"dayAkitaka"messenger.A
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- 关 键 词:
- 中西方 文化 乌鸦 意象 意义
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