Lesson.docx
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Lesson.docx
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Lesson
Lesson4TheNightingaleandtheRose
IIntroductiontotheText
1.Thisisafariytale.Fairytalesarestoriesinwhichfairiesplayapartofwhichcontainothersupernaturalormagicalelementssuchasimaginarypersons,animals,andinanimateobjects.Thesestoriesareofcourseprimarilymeantforchildren,butthebestfairytalessuchasthosebyHansAndersen,arealsoeagerlyreadbuolderpeoplewhoareinterestedintheirdeepermeaning.
2.Theplotofthestoryisverysimple.Ayongstudentthoughtthathewasmadlyinlovewiththeprofessor’sdaughter.Hefeltmiserablebecausehecouldnotfindasingleredroseinthewholegardentogivetohislove,andheknewthatwithouttheroseshewouldnotagreetodancewithhimintheballtobegivenbytheprincethenextday.TheNightingaleoverheardthisandwasdeeplytouchedbywhatshebelievedwastheexpressionoftheyoungman’struelove.Soshidecidedtohelptheyoungman,butshewastoldthattheonlywaytogetaredroseinthiscoldwinterwasforhertobuilditoutofhermusicandherheart’sblood.TheNightingaleofcoursealsovaluedherlife,butshewasreadytolaydownherownlifeforthehappinessoftheyoungcouple.Shethereforedidwhatshewastoldtodo.Thenextmorning,themostbeautifuoredroseappeared,buttheNightingalewasfounddeadundertherose-tree.Notknowingwhatithadcosttoproducetherose,thestudentthoughtthathewasveryluckytofindthisflowerandheimmediattelypluckeditandrantotheprofessor’sdaughter.Theprofessor’sdaughterturnedhimdownbecauseshehadalreadyagreedtodancewithChamberlain’snephewwhohadgivenherpreciousstones.Thestudentwasveryangry,sohethrewtheroseawayandreturnedtohisreading.
Thisisatouchingstoryoflove,butnotthelovebetweentheyoungstudentandtheprofessor’sdaughter,becauseneitherofthemunderstoodwhattrueloveis.Thegirlwasinterestedonlyinpowerandmoney,andtheyoungman,inwhatheconsideredpratical.Theonlypersonwhounderstoodlove,treasuredlove,,andwasreadytosacrificeherlifeforlovewastheNightingale,Forherloveiseternalmusic,loveisthemostpreciousthing:
evenmore[reciousthanlofeinself,andtrueloveisalwaysinthefgivingratherthaninthetaking.
Thestoryhowever,containssomeveiledcommentsonlife.Inface,asisoftenthecase,theauthorisverymuchanactorinthislittledrama.Andersen’s“TheUglyDuckling”inwhichtheauthor’schildhoodwasclearlyreflected,inthisstory,therearealsothingsthatremindusoftheauthor’slife.OscarWildeadvocatedtheideaofartforart’ssake,andforthishewasmuchcritized.SowhatthestudentsaidabouttheNightingale’smusic(“Ithasform,butnofeelings”)couldbeviewedasasarcasticresponsetotheauthor’scritics.WildeseemedtobesayingherethathewasliketheNightingal,singingsongaftersong,producingloveandbeautywithbloodfromhisheart,andyettheworldwastostupidtounderstandandappreciatehim.
3.Fairytaleshaveafewinterestingfeatures:
1)Thefrequentuseofpersonification
Thisisself-evidentbecauseitistheverydefinitionoffairytales.Inthisstory,therose-trees,thelizard,thedaisy,thebutterfly,theoak,themoon,andofcoursetheNightingaleareapppersonified.
2)Thesymbolicmeaninggiventowords
Theroseofcourseisthesymboloflove,butmanymentionedinthetextalsostandforsomething,includingthelizard,saisy,andbutterfly,mwhichtheauthorusedonmorethanoneoccasionstostandforcertaincharactertypes
3)Thevivid,simplenarration,whichistypicaloftheoraltraditionoffairytales.
4)Therepetitivepatternused
Atypicalfairytalewouldoftenhaveasequenceofthreeepisodesorthreestepsofthreepeople.Itmightgosomethinglikethis:
Onceuponatime,therewerethreesisters.Thefirstwasugly,andthesecondwasstupid,thethethirdwasbothprettyandclever.Theywouldthenmarrythreemen.Thefirstwereinvariablyobscenelyrichwhereadthethirdwasalwayspoor.Thentheywereforsomereasonsenttolookforsometreasure.Thefirsttwofailedandthethirdsucceeded,butheonlysucceededinhisthirdattemptafterovercomingmanydifficulties…
Letthestudentsdiscusswhetherthesamepatternisfollowedinthistext.
4.OnNovermber14,2000,InternationalHeraldTribunecarriedanarticleentitled“TrutheandWit:
theManyFacesofOscarWilde”writtenbyBenBrantley.Weprintsomeexcerptsofthisarticlehereforyourreference.
TruthandWit:
TheManyFacesofOscarWilde
(NewYourkTimesService)
NewYork:
morethanacenturyago,aneccentricallydressedyoungIrishmanonalecturetourcasthisimageacrosstheUnitedStates.TheUnitedStates,beinganobligingyoungnationinsuchinsuchmatters,threwhisimagebacktohiminaformevenlargerandmorecolorfulthantheoriginal.
NewspapersonbothsidesoftheAtlanticmadenot,madefunandlionizedreprotingeverychangeofclothingandeveryquotablequote,whetherheactuallysaiditornot.AndsowasborntheinternationallegendknowasOscarWilde,who,uptillnow,wasmerelyaLondonpoetasterofsomesocialnotoriety.
Wilde’sactualaccomplishments,disregardingabrilliantundergraduatecareeratOxford,werescantatthatpoint.“Whathashedone,thisyoungman,thatonemeetshimeverywhere?
”aPolishiactresshadaskedinLongsonin1882.Infairness,by1882,theyearWildemadehisAmericantour,hehadpublishedavolumeofhighlyperfumedpoemsandcompletedaratherembarrassingmelodrama.Butthereasonhehadbeencontractedtolecturehadlittletodowithanythinghehadwritten.
ItwasthathewasaPersonality…Indeed,itwasRichareD’OylyCartewhoengagedWilde,thinkingitmightgivetheboxofofficeaboost.Besides,asanEnglishjournalistobservedatthetime,“TheAmericansarefarmorecuriousthanwearetogazeatallthosewhosenames,fromonecauseoranother,havebecomehouseholdwords.”
LongbeforeAmericans,…OscarWilde:
whodied100yearsagothismonth:
wasexpertlypracticingthemodernartofmakingcelebritythefirststepinacareerratherthanitsculmination.Thisis,afterall,amanwhoobservedinhistwentiesthat“successisascience”.
LookingbackonthepresscoverageofWilde’sAmericantour,itisastonishingtoseehowcompletelytheimagewithwhichheisnowidentifiedwasinplace.Before…and“TheImportanceofBeingEarnest”,beforehisdesastrousromancewithLordAlfredDouglasandthefollowingscandalofhistrialsandimprisonment,beforewhatreallyguaranteedhisplaceinliteratureandhistory,thefigurethatcomestomindwhenonehears“OscarWilde:
alreadyexisted.
AlsofirmlyestablishedduringthetourwastheideaofWildeasthecjampionofartforart’ssake.Thiswan’t,bytheway,preciselyhisphilosophy,butinthosedaysthephilosophywasnotyetquiteinshape.ThesubjectofhisAmericanlecturewasbasicallythepursuitofbeautyanditspowerstoennoble.Buthewasstillinventinghistheoriesmoroflessashewentalong.Whatmatteredatthattimewaslesswhathesaidthanhowhesaidit,whichwasofcourseinepigrams,renderedwithbothflourishesandsimplicity.Thentherewerethecostumes:
thekneebreeches,thecavaliercapes,andthemuch-commented-uponlegwear.Theoverallimpressionwas---andis---arch,amusing,divinelydecadent.
Thiswastheimageinthepopularimagination.Thereforeitisamazinghowsomanydifferentimageshavecomefromthissingle,certain,andfixedimagesincehistime.
Thecrudestversionshavemuchitodowithchangesinsociety.Forthefirstfewdecadesofthe20thcentury,hewaslargelyseenasasymbolofcorruptionandself-destruction.TheWildofthecentury’slastdecadesin,incontrast,agaymartyr.
MuchmoreintriguingaretheotherOscarswhokeepshowingupineverythingfrommainstreammoviestoadademicpapers…
HowfittingthatthecollectedworksofWildeofferasourceofinspirationforallsortsofintellectualviewpoints.Caretofindanattractivelittlephrasetospiceupaspeechpromotingelitism?
Howaboutadefenseoftheideathatartshapeshistoryorthathistoryshapesart,oreventhateachexistsentirelyindependentoftheother?
Someoftheseseemingcontradictionsarethenaturalreversalsofopinionbroughtaboutbyadramaticallyevenfullife…thismultisidedsensibilitywaswhatmadeWildeseemsodangerousinthetwilightoftheVictorianera,anagethathadbeenbuiltonsturdycertainties.Paradox,Wildeinsisted,isveryrootofallexistence;truth,hewrote,issimply“one’slastmood”.Allonecanreallydoinlifeistoexaltandcatertotheorganoftheseshiftingimpressions.
WordswouldalwaysbeWilde’smostpowerfuldefense,andnootherwriterintheEnglishlanguagehasusedthemwiththesameelegance.Hemadeanartformofthesinglesentenceandtheperfectlypoised,contradictoryphrase.Forthatveryreasong,toomuchWildeatoncecancloy,likeadietofchocolates.
Thereis,however,oneworkofartinwhichthestyleofWildebecomesitsownend,withoutoneinapproapriatedetailtomaritsperfection:
“TheImportanceofBeingEarnest”,whichcreatedasealedworldinwhicheveryonespeaksthesameshapelylanguageofparadoxandpracticesthesaereligiousworshipofthingstrivial.
Wildeoncesaidthatoneshouldavoidthe“I”inart,andin“Earnest”heproducedhisonemajorworkinwhichheisinvisible,thoughnooneelsecouldhavewrittenit.“Earnest”isWildeathisbest,turningstyleintosubstanceandviceversa.Unlikemostsatires,itneverstepsoutsideitselftopointafinger.Itmaybethemostperfectcomedyeverwritten.
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