全国高考英语试题阅读理解分类汇编之议论文类.docx

全国高考英语试题阅读理解分类汇编之议论文类.docx

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全国高考英语试题阅读理解分类汇编之议论文类

2012年全国高考英语试题阅读理解分类汇编之议论文类

（精校word版有答案解析）

Wenotonlylearnbutoverlearn.

Themultiplicationtables（乘法口诀表）areanexceptiontothegeneralrulethatweforgetratherquicklythethingsthatwelearninschool,becausetheyareanotherofthethingsweoverlearninchildhood.

Thelawofoverlearningexplainswhycramming（突击学习）foranexamination,thoughitmayresultinapassinggrade,isnotasatisfactorywaytolearnacollegecourse.Bycramming,astudentmaylearnthesubjectwellenoughtogetbyontheexamination,butheislikelysoontoforgetalmosteverythinghelearned.Alittleoverlearning,ontheotherhand,isreallynecessaryforone'sfuturedevelopment.

【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。

成年人常常惊叹他们能很好地记着儿时学过的东西。

作者认为这是儿时过度学习的结果，是因为当我们儿时学会一样东西的时候，我们不是就此停止，而是继续练习，才使我们记忆深刻。

文章用例证法说明了“过度学习”的概念。

最后作者谈到了“过度学习”的好处和突击学习的弊端。

67.Whatisthemainideaofparagraph1?

A.Peoplerememberwellwhattheylearnedinchildhood.

B.Childrenhaveabettermemorythangrown-ups.

C.Poemreadingisagoodwaytolearnwords.

D.Storiesforchildrenareeasytoremember.

【答案】A【解析】根据文章的第一段的“Grown-upsareoftensurprisedbyhowwelltheyremembersomethingtheylearnedaschildrenbuthaveneverpracticedeversince.”可知：

文章讲得是成年人常常惊叹他们非常好的记着儿时学过的东西。

C、D断章取义，讲得太具体，B项错误，因为那是过度学习的结果，不是儿时记忆力好。

所以A正确。

【考点定位】考查主旨要义。

68.Theauthorexplainsthelawofoverlearningby_________.

A.presentingresearchfindings

B.settingdowngeneralrules

C.makingacomparison

D.usingexamples

70.Whatistheauthor'sopiniononcramming?

A.Itleadstofailureincollegeexams.

B.It'shelpfulonlyinalimitedway.

C.It'spossibletoresultinpoormemory.

D.Itincreasesstudents'learninginterest.

【答案】B【解析】根据文章的最后一段中的“Bycramming,astudentmaylearnthesubjectwellenoughtogetbyontheexamination,butheislikelysoontoforgetalmosteverythinghelearned.”可知：

突击学习只在有限的方面有帮助。

所以B正确。

【考点定位】考查作者的观点和态度。

2.【2012全国II】

（C）

Facialexpressionscarrymeaningthatisdeterminedbysituationsandrelationships.Forexample,inAmericanculture（文化）thesmileisingeneralanexpressionofpleasure.Yetitalsohasotheruses.Awoman’ssmileatapoliceofficerdoesnotcarrythesamemeaningasthesmileshegivestoayoungchild.Asmilemayshowloveorpoliteness.Itcanalsohidetruefeelings.Itoftencausesconfusion（困惑）acrosscultures.Forexample,manypeopleinRussiasmilingatstrangersinpublictobeunusualandevenimproper.YetmanyAmericanssmilefreelyatstrangersinpublicplaces（althoughthisislesscommoninbigcities）.SomeRussiansbelievethatAmericanssmileinthewrongplaces;someAmericansbelievethatRussiansdon’tsmileenough.InSoutheastAsianculture,asmileisfrequentlyusedtocoverpainfulfeelings.Vietnamesepeoplemaytellasadstorybutendthestorywithasmile.

Ourfacesshowemotions（情感）,butweshouldnotattemptto“read”peoplefromanothercultureaswewould“read”someonefromourownculture.Thefactthatmembersofoneculturedonotexpresstheiremotionsasopenlyasdomembersofanotherdoesnotmeanthattheydonotexperienceemotions.Rather,thereareculturaldifferencesintheamountoffacialexpressionspermitted.Forexample,inpublicandinformalsituationsmanyJapanesedonotshowtheiremotionsasfreelyasAmericansdo.Whenwithfriends,JapaneseandAmericansseemtoshowtheiremotionssimilarly.

ofpleasure”可知，在美国文化中，一般地说，微笑是快乐的表情。

此处joy是pleasure的同义词。

故选C。

【考点定位】考查细节理解。

50.TheauthormentionsthesmileoftheVietnamesetoprovethatsmilecan___.

A.showfriendlinesstostrangersB.beusedtohidetruefeelings

C.beusedinthewrongplacesD.showpersonalhabits

【答案】B

【解析】根据文章第一段中的“Itcanalsohidetruefeelings.Itoftencausesconfusion（困惑）acrosscultures.”可知这是一个中心句，其后用例证法阐述：

微笑能隐藏真正的感情。

它常常导致跨文化间的困惑。

其中越南人讲故事的例子就是为了说明这一观点。

故选B。

【考点定位】考查作者的写作意图。

51.Whatshouldwedobeforeattemptingto“read”people?

A.Learnabouttheirrelationswithothers.

B.Understandtheirculturalbackgrounds.

C.Findoutabouttheirpastexperience.

D.Figureoutwhattheywilldonext.

【答案】B

【解析】根据文章最后一段中的“Thekeyistotrynottojudgepeoplewhosewaysofshowingemotionaredifferent.Ifwejudgeaccordingtoourownculturalhabits,wemaymakethemistakeof“reading”theotherpersonincorrectly.”可知，我们在“读”人们的表情的时候，要现理解他们的文化背景，否则，就会出错。

【考点定位】考查判断推理。

52.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetest?

A.CulturalDifferencesB.SmilesandRelationship

C.FacialExpressivenessD.HabitsandEmotions

【答案】C

【解析】文章通篇阐述了面部表情的种种表现形式，以及文化之间的差异导致的面部表情的含义不同。

所以C正确。

【考点定位】考查文章的标题。

3.【2012陕西卷】

D

Springiscoming,anditistimeforthoseabouttograduatetolookforjobs.Competitionistough,sojobseekersmustcarefullyconsidertheirpersonalchoices.Whateverwearewearing，ourfamilyandfriendsmayacceptus,buttheworkplacemaynot.

Ahighschoolnewspapereditorsaiditisunfairforcompaniestodiscouragevisibletattoos（纹身）noserings,orcertaindressstyles.Itistrueyoucan’tjudgeabookbyitscover,yetpeopledo“cover”themselvesinordertoconvey（传递）certainmessages.Whatwewear,includingtattoosandnoserings,isanexpressionofwhoweare.Justaspeopleconveymessagesaboutthemselveswiththeirappearances»sodocompanies.Dressstandardsexistinthebusinessworldforanumberofreasons,butthemainconcernisoftenaboutwhatcustomersaccept.

Othersmaysayhowtodressisamatterofpersonalfreedom,butforbusinessesitismoreaboutwhethertomakeorlosemoney.Mostemployersdocareaboutthepersonalappearancesoftheiremployees（雇员）,becausethosepeoplerepresentthecompaniestotheircustomers.

AsahiringmanagerIampaidtochoosethepeoplewhowouldmakethebestimpressiononourcustomers.Thereareplentyofwell-qualifiedcandidates,soitisnotwrongtorejectsomeonewhomightdisappointmycustomers.EventhoughIamopen-minded,Ican’texpectallourcustomersare.

Thereisnobodytoblamebutyourselfifyoursetofchoicesdoesnotmatchthatofyourpreferredemployer.Nocompanyshouldhavetochangetosatisfyacandidatesimplycauseheorsheisunwillingtorespectitsstandards,aslongasitsstandardsarelegal.

57.Whichofthefollowingisthenewspapereditor’opinionaccordingtoParagraph2?

A.People’sappearancescarrymessagesaboutthemselves.

B.Customers’choicesinfluencedressstandardsincompanies.

C.Candidateswithtattoosornoseringsshouldbefairlytreated.

D.Strangedressstylesshouldnotbeencouragedintheworkplace.

58.Whatcanbeinferredfromthetext?

A.Candidateshavetowearwhatcompaniespreferforaninterview.

B.Whattowearisnotamatterofpersonalchoiceforcompanies.

C.Companiessometimeshavetochangetorespecttheircandidates.

D.Hiringmanagersmakethebestimpressionontheircandidates.

59.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.EmployeesMatterB.PersonalChoicesMatter

C.AppearancesMatterD.HiringManagersMatter

3.【2012重庆卷】

D

TotaketheappleasaforbiddenfruitisthemostunlikelystorytheChristians（基督教徒）evercookedup.Forthem,theforbiddenfruitfromEdenisevil（邪恶的）.SowhenColubroughtthetomatobackfromSouthAmerica,alandmistakenlyconsideredtobeeden,everjumpedtobetheobviousconclusion.WronglytakenastheappleofEden,thetomatowasshutoutofthedoorofEuropeans.

Whatmadeitparticularlyterrifyingwasitssimilaritytothemandrake,aplantthatwasthetohavecomefromHell（地狱）.Whatearnedtheplantitsawfulreputationwasitsrootswlookedlikeadried-uphumanbodyoccupiedbyevilspirits.Toughthetomatoandthemanwerequitedifferentexceptthatbothhadbrightredoryellowfruit,thegeneralpopulationconsiothemoneandthesame,toterribletotouch.

CautiousEuropeanslongignoredthetomato,anduntiltheearly1700smostoftheWepeoplecontinuedtodragtheirfeet.Inthe1880s,thedaughterofawell-knownplantexpertthatthemostinterestingpartofanafternoonteaatherfather’shousehadbeenthe“introductionthiswonderfulnewfruit-orisitavegetable?

”Aslateasthetwentiethcenturysomewritersclassedtomatoeswithmandrakesasan”evilfruit”.

Butintheendtomatoescarriedtheday.TheheroofthetomatowasanAmericannamedRJohnson,andwhenhewaspubliclygoingtoeatthetomatoin1820,peoplejourneyedforhunofmilestowatchhimdropdead.”Whatareyouafraidof?

”heshouted.”I’llshowyoufoolsthesethingsaregoodtoeat!

”Thenhebitintothetomato.Somepeoplefainted.Buthesurand,accordingtoalocalstory,setupatomato-canningfactory.

【考点】社会生活类——夹叙夹议

【文章大意】西红柿开始被人类食用是经历了一个非常复杂的过程，短文主要介绍的西红柿从最初的被认为是邪恶的水果到被接受的过程。

68.ThetomatowasshutoutofthedoorofearlyEuropeansmainlybecause______.

AitmadeChristiveevil

BitwastheappleofEden

Citcamefromaforbiddenland

Ditwasreligiouslyunacceptable

68.【答案】D

【试题解析】根据短文第1段内容可知，西红柿被被教徒们认为是邪恶的水果，而被御之门外。

由此可知，D选项内容与文意相符。

因此，正确答案为D选项。

【难度】一般

69.WhatcanweinfertheunderlinedpartinParagraph3?

ATheprocessofignoringthetomatosloweddown

BTherewaslittleprogressinthestudyofthetomato

CThetomatowasstillrefusedinmostwesterncountries

DMostwesternpeoplecontinuedtogetridofthetomato

69.【答案】C

【试题解析】短文第3段提到“CautiousEuropeanslongignoredthetomato,anduntiltheearly1700s…”。

由此结合语境可知，西红柿在大部分西方国家仍然遭受拒绝。

C选项内容与此相符。

因此，正确答案为C选项。

【难度】一般

70.WhatisthemainreasonforRobertJohnsontoeatthetomatoPublicly?

ATomakehimselfahero

BToremovepeople’sfearofthetomato

CTospeedupthepopularityofthetomato

DTopersuadepeopletobuyproductsfromhisfactory

E

Inhis1930essay“EconomicPossibilitiesforOurGrandchildren“,JohnKeynes,economist,rewrotethathumanneedsfallintotwoclasses:

absolutene