Japanese Railway History 1.docx
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Japanese Railway History 1.docx
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JapaneseRailwayHistory1
JapaneseRailwayHistory
DawnofJapaneseRailways
EiichiAoki
Railwayconstructionplananditssocialbackground
TherulingTokugawa Shogunate,德川幕府whichhadkeptJapanininternationalisolation闭关锁国for260years,wasreplacedbytheMeiji明治governmentin1868.ThismarkedthebeginningofJapan'smodernizationwiththenewgovernmentendingfeudalism封建主义andintroducingWesternideas.
NationwidedistributionsystemsalreadyexistedintheEdoperiod江户时代.Long-distancetransportationoverhundredsorthousandsofkilometerswasnothingnew.PeopleweresendingricefromtheTohoku东北地区andHokuriku北陆regionstoEdo江户(nowTokyo)andOsaka大阪.Fish-mealfertilizerswerebeingsentfromHokkaido北海道toregionsalongtheInlandSea.濑户内海Themainmeansoftransportatthattimewasshipping.Thekeyrouteswereformedbynavigationalongthecoastandrivers.
Bycontrast,roadtransportwasprimitive.原始的Commoditieswerecarriedbymenandhorsesbecausetherewerenocarriages.UnlikeintheWest,therewasaworldofdifferencebetweenseaandroadtransportinJapan.Largeriverswereobstacles障碍toroadtrafficbecausetherewerenobridges.
Constructionofrailways,particularlybetweenTokyoandYokohama,横滨andOsaka大阪andKobe,神户wassuggestedseveraltimesbyforeignersandsomeJapanesepriortotheMeijigovernment在江户时代之前.Theiradvocatorsproposedrailwaysbetweenportsandlargecitiesbutsuchplansneverborefruit奏效duetothefallofthe Shogunate.Iftheyhadbeenimplemented,foreignersmighthavewonrailwayrightsinJapan.
In1869,HarryParkes,哈里巴夏礼theBritishMinistertoJapan,advocated主张thatrailwayswouldhelpmodernizeJapaninsistingthatthegovernmentbuildthemassoonaspossible.1869wasanotherpooryearforthericeharvestinTohokuandParkesexplainedthatrailwayscouldcarryricequicklyfromotherareastoTohokuthereby从而minimizingtheeffectsoffamine.TheMeijigovernmentagreedtobuildrailwaysforpoliticalreasons,toputanendtofeudalismandcentralisepowerinJapan.中央集权
Tokyo-YokohamaRailway
On7December1869,HarryParkesmettheheadsoftheMeijigovernmenttodiscussbasicmeasuresforintroducingrailwaysandtelegramsinJapan.TheJapaneseleadersatthediscussionincludedTomomiIwakura岩仓具视(VicePremier),NobuyoshiSawa大泽树生(MinisterofForeignAffairs),ShigenobuOkuma大隈重信(ViceMinisterofFinance),andHirobumiIto伊藤博文(AssistantViceMinisterofFinance).OkumaandItolatertookchargeofbuildingrailways.Duringthediscussion,itwasdecidedtobuildthefirstlinebetweenTokyoandKobe神户ItwasalsodecidedtobuildabranchfromanappropriatelocationnearLakeBiwa琵琶湖toTsuruga,敦贺atownontheSeaofJapan.
FundsweretobeprocuredbyHoratioNelsonLay李泰国,anEnglishmanintroducedtotheMeijigovernmentbyParkes.LaysoldrailwaybondsinLondon.HebeganhiringBritishengineerstodesignandbuildrailwaysinJapan.Healsobeganpurchasing采购thenecessaryequipmentfortheMeijigovernment.
Layhadsignedaloan签署一项贷款contractwiththeJapanesegovernmentatanannualinterestrateof12%anda10-yeartermofpayment.However,hebegansellingrailwaybondsinLondonatanannualrateof9%withanissueprice发行价格of98%ofthefacevalue面值.Inotherwords,Layintendedtoearna3%marginfromeverybondhesold.ThisledtodistrustandtheJapanesegovernmentconsulted咨询theheadoftheYokohamabranchoftheOrientalBank(aBritishbank)withtheresultthatthegovernmentterminatedthecontractwithLay,andappointedthebankasitsrepresentativeinLondon.
Itwasdecidedtobuildthecountry'sfirstrailwayoverthe29-kmdistancebetweenTokyo,Japan'scapital,andYokohama,oneofthefewportsopenforinternationaltradeatthattime.
Thepreliminarysurveyworkbeganon25April1870.TheterminalinTokyowastobebuiltatShimbashi新桥andtheterminalinYokohamaatNogeKaigan.Thesetwoplaceswerechosenbecausetheywereclosetothecitysectionsandtheforeignsettlements.Thetrainsweretorunonthe3'6"(1,067mm)gaugetracksusedinmanyBritishcolonies大英帝国atthattime.
Therailwayconstructionwasneverentirelyfreeofopposition不受约束的反对duringthefirstyearsofthenewgovernment.Themajoroppositioncamefromthemilitarywhichputpriorityonarmamentsandisolationism军队,孤立主义.IsolationismwasquitecommonamongJapanesepeoplewhofearedtherailwaybeingbuiltbyforeignengineersasastrangeforeigntool.
Thefirstshipmentoftentanklocomotivesand58two-axlepassengercarriagesfromBritainarrivedinYokohamainSeptember1871.On12June1872,twodailytrainservicesstartedbetweenShinagawa品川andYokohama,markingthestartofregularpassengertrainsinJapan.Sixdailyservicesbegantwodayslater.ThetwotrainsgoinginoppositedirectionspassedonsidetracksatKawasaki川崎.ServicesbetweenShimbashi新桥andShinagawaweredelayeduntilOctoberbecausethemilitarywouldnotallowtracksontheirlandfacingTokyoBay.不能看见东京湾Therailwayadvocateshadtobuildanewembankment堤防forthetracks.
TheMeijiEmperorattendedtheopeningceremonyon14October1872atShimbashiandYokohamastationsmakingaround-trippassengeronthetrainbetweenthetwoterminals.
Thenumberofdailyround-tripserviceswasincreasedtoninethefollowingday.Therewerefourstationsontheline:
Shinagawa品川Kawasaki,川崎Tsurumi,鹤见andKanagawa神奈川Ittook35minutesfromoneterminaltotheother.Freightservicesstartedon15September1873.
TheoriginalShimbashiStationwasrenamedShiodomeStation汐留站andbecameafreightyardwhenanewterminal(TokyoCentral)wasopenedin1914neartheImperialPalace.Shiodomewasclosedrecentlyandawaits等待urbanredevelopment.TheoriginalYokohamaStationisnowcalledSakuragicho;樱木汀thesurroundingareaalsoawaitsredevelopment.
TheoriginalrailwaybetweenShimbashiandYokohamawasunderdirectmanagementofthegovernment.InAugust1871,itwasputundercontroloftheMinistryofPublicWorks,市政工程部whosemajorrolewasintroducingWesterntechnology.
MasaruInoue,井上thefirstDirectorofRailwaysinJapan,studiedrailwayandminingatUniversityCollege,London.
Expansionofrailwaynetwork
On25August1870,just4monthsaftersurveyingbeganfortheShimbashitoYokohamasection,surveyingworkbeganbetweenOsaka大阪andKobe.神户Regularservicestartedon11May1874.Thefirstwrought-ironbridge锻铁桥andtunnelinJapan(runningunderaraised-bedriver)werebuiltinthissection.ThelinewaslaterextendedtoKyoto京都in1876andtoOtsu大津in1880.ThissectionincludedtheOsakayamaTunnel大阪山隧道(646mlong),Japan'sfirstmountaintunnelandthefirsttunneltobedesignedandbuiltbyJapaneseengineers.
TheJapanesegovernmentwassufferingfromafinancialcrisisatthetime.ThemajorcausewasrapidintroductionofWesterntechnologies(constructionofgovernment-runplantsandfactories)andcompensationforpeopledeprivedoffeudalprivileges剥夺封建特权的补偿.Riots骚乱startedbyformersamurai前武士occurredinWesternJapanbetween1874and1877.Thegovernmenthadtoissue发行enormousamountsofinconvertiblenotestoquelltheriots.Thisledtoinflation.
In1880,FinanceMinisterMasayoshiMatsukata松方正义tookonacurtailmentpolicy缩减政策andstartedsellinggovernment-runplantsandfactoriestotheprivatesector.Railwayconstructionwasslowedforthesamereason.Healsoapprovedprivately-ownedrailwayoperations.
In1881,NipponRailwaywasauthorizedtorunbetweenTokyoandTohoku,andthefirstprivateservicebeganin1883betweenUeno上野(onthenorthsideofTokyo)andKumagaya.熊谷By1891,thecompanyhadcompleteditslinebetweenUenoandAomori青森县throughnortheasternHonshu本州.
Anotherrailwaywascompletedin1882inHokkaido.北海道ItsprimaryobjectivewasshippingcoalfromtheHoronaicoalminetotheportofOtaru小樽市(TemiyaStation手宫站).ThisrailwaywasdesignedandbuiltundertheguidanceofAmericanengineers.ThelocomotivesandmostotherequipmentwereimportedfromtheUnitedStates.
Aminingrailwaywascompletedin1880totransportironoretotheKamaishi釜石IronMillon2'9"(838mm)narrow-gaugetracks.
Contributionsbyforeignengineers
AlargenumberofBritishengineerswerehiredbytheJapanesegovernmentintheearlystageofJapaneserailways.Theirspecialitiesrangedfromcivilengineeringandmachineryformanufacturingandrepairingrollingstock,toschedulingtrainservicesandoperations.Nearly300foreignersintotal(mostlyBritish)werealsohiredforvariousposts.不同的职位Theirjobsincludeddirectors,engineers-in-chief,locomotivesuperintendents负责人trafficmanagersandotherkeyposts,aswellasmechanics,masons泥瓦匠,plasterers,粉刷工carpenters,enginedrivers,trackmaintenanceandotherfieldworkers.Theywereexcellentteachersandskilledworkersandwereessentialtotherailwayconstructionandmanagement.
Hiringofforeignersforrailwaysbeganin1870.Thenumberroseto119inJune1874,butfellafterwardsespeciallywhenthecurtailmentpolicywasputintoeffectin1881.Duringthoseyears,foreignengineerstaughtbasictechniquesandvaluableknow-howtotheirJapanesecounterparts.TheyalsomadespecialeffortstoeducatekeyrailwayengineersinJapan.
InMay1877,theEngineerTrainingCollegewasopenedatOsakaStation.YoungJapanesewhopassedtheentranceexaminationwereadmittedtolearncivilengineeringandotherskills.ABritishEngineer-in-Chief,T.R.Shervintonwasappointedmasterinstructor.指导教师Twenty-fourstudentshadgraduatedbythetimetheschoolclosedin1882.ThesegraduateswereengagedinbuildingtherailwaybetweenKyotoandOtsubeginningin1878.Whentheworkwascompleted,theyassumedkeypostsindesigningandbuildingnewrailwaysinotherpartso
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