CatfordA Linguistic Theory of Translation周骄俪.docx
- 文档编号:8111669
- 上传时间:2023-01-28
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:22
- 大小:39.29KB
CatfordA Linguistic Theory of Translation周骄俪.docx
《CatfordA Linguistic Theory of Translation周骄俪.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《CatfordA Linguistic Theory of Translation周骄俪.docx(22页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
CatfordALinguisticTheoryofTranslation周骄俪
J.C.Catford.1965.ALinguisticTheoryofTranslation.Oxford:
OxfordUniversityPress.
ALinguisticTheoryofTranslation
J.C.Catford
1.GeneralLinguisticTheory
1.0(p1)GeneralLinguisticsis,primarily,atheoryabouthowlanguageswork.
Languageisatypeofpatternedhumanbehavior.Itisaway,perhapsthemostimportantway,inwhichhumanbeingsinteractinsocialsituations.Language-behaviorisexternalizedormanifestedinsomekindofbodilyactivityonthepartofaperformer,andpresupposestheexistenceofatleastoneotherhumanparticipantinthesituation,anaddressee.
(p2)Languageispatternedbehavior.Itis,indeed,thepatternwhichisthelanguage.Onanygivenoccasion,theparticularvocalmovementsandtheresultantsound-wavescanbedescribedwithadelicacy,ordepthofdetail,limitedonlybythedelicacyoftheapparatususedforobservationandanalysis.Andtheprecisequalityofthesevocalmovementsandsound-waveswillbefoundtodifferondifferentoccasions,evenwhenthespeakeris‘sayingthesamething’.Fromthelinguisticpointofview,theimportantthingisthat,oneachoccasionof‘sayingthesamething’thevocalactivitiesofthespeakerconformtothesamepattern.
Theovertlanguage-behaviordescribedaboveiscausallyrelatedtovariousotherfeaturesofthesituationinwhichitoccurs.Therearespecificobjects,events,relationsandsoon,inthesituation,whichleadtheperformertoproducetheseparticularvocalmovements,andnoothers.Theprecisenatureofthesituationalfeatureswhicharerelatabletotheperformer’slinguisticbehaviorwillbefoundtodifferondifferentoccasions,evenwhenheis‘sayingthesamething’.
Formthelinguisticpointofview,however,theimportantthingagainisthat,ineachcase,thesituationalfeatureswhichleadto‘thesame’utteranceconformtothesamegeneralpattern.
Languagethenisanactivitywhichmaybesaidtoimpingeontheworldatlargeattwoends.Ontheonehand,itismanifestedinspecifickindsofovertbehavior(e.g.vocalmovements):
ontheotherhand,itisrelatedtospecificobjects,events,etc.insituation.Bothofthese—vocalmovements,andactualevents,etc.—areoutsideoflanguageitself.Theyareextralinguisticevents.Theyarethephonicsubstanceinwhichvocalactivityismanifested,andthesituation(orsituationsubstance)towhichthisactivityisrelated.Thelanguageitselfis,however,theorganizationorpatterningwhichlanguage-behaviorimplicitlyimposesonthesetwokindsofsubstance—languageisform,notsubstance.
1.2(p3)inordertoaccountforlanguage-eventswemakeabstractionsfromtheseevents:
abstractionsofvarioustypes,orataseriesoflevels.
1.21Wedistinguish,first,thelevelsofmedium-substance(phonicsubstance,forthespokenmedium,andgraphicsubstanceforthewrittenmedium),andsituation(orsituationsubstance),bothofwhichare,infact,extralinguistic.Theinternallevelsoflanguagearethoseofmedium-form—phonologyandgraphology,arrivedatbyaprocessofabstractionfromphonicandgraphicsubstance,andthedifferentlyabstractedlevels,whichHallidaycallsthe‘formallevels’—grammarandlexis.
Therelationshipbetween(theunitsof)grammar/lexisandsituation(substance)isthatofcontextualmeaning,orcontext.(p4)Therelationshipbetween(theunitsof)phonologyandphoneticsubstancehasnogenerallyrecognizedname,though‘phoneticmeaning’mightbesuggested.Therelationshipbetweengraphologyandgraphicsubstancemightlikewisebecalled‘grapheticmeaning’.Contextistheinterlevelrelatinggrammar/lexisandsituation,indicatedbythedashedlineontherightoftheabovediagram.
1.22Thelevelsatwhichwemakeabstractionsfromlanguage-eventsarethusthefollowing:
1.221Grammatical/lexicalform
(i)Grammar:
theleveloflinguisticformatwhichoperateclosedsystems:
thecharacteristicsofaclosedsystembeing:
(1)thenumberoftermsisfinite;
(2)eachtermisexclusiveoftheother;(3)anychangeinthenumberoftermswouldchangethe‘values’(or‘formalmeanings’)oftheotherterms(e.g.systemsofpronouns,ofdeictics,ofnumber,ofcase,oftense…etc.)
(ii)Lexis:
theleveloflinguisticformatwhichoperatesopensets(e.g.theopensetsofitemsoftenoccurringasexamplesor‘exponents’ofnouns,verbs,etc.)
1.222Mediumform
(i)Phonology:
theformalunitsintowhichphonicsubstanceisorganized,andwhichoperate,usuallyincombination,astheexponentsofgrammatical/lexicalforms.
(ii)Graphology:
theformalunitsintowhichgraphicsubstanceisorganized,andwhichoperate,usuallyincombination,astheexponentsofgrammatical/lexicalforms.
1.223MediumSubstance
(i)Phonicsubstance:
actualvocalsounds—thesubstanceinwhichphonologyismanifested.
(ii)Graphicsubstance:
actualvisiblemarks—thesubstanceinwhichgraphologyismanifested.
Bothtypesofmediumsubstancehaveacertainpatterningororganizationimposeduponthembymedium-form.
1.224Situation(orsituationsubstance).Allthosefeaturesofsituations,excludingmediumsubstance,whicharerelatedorrelatabletolanguage-behavior.Situationsubstancehasacertainorganizationimposeduponitbygrammatical/lexicalform.
1.23(p5)Inaddition,wemustconsidertheinterlevelofcontext(orcontextualmeaning):
theinterlevelofstatementsaboutthedistinctivefeaturesofsituation-substancewhicharerelatabletoparticulargrammatical/lexicalforms.Aswehavesaidabove,thereisanotherinterlevel:
theinterlevelofstatementsaboutthedistinctivefeaturesofmediumsubstancewhicharerelatabletomediumforms.
Itwillbeclearthatcontextorcontextualmeaningiswhatismostusuallyunderstoodby‘meaning’:
inourtheory,thisisonlyonepartofmeaning,whichalsoincludesformalmeaningwhichisthewayanyitemoperatesinthenetworkofformalrelation.
1.3Thefundamentalcategoriesoflinguistictheory—applicableatleasttothelevelsofgrammar,phonologyandprobablygraphology—areunit,structure,classandsystem.
1.31Byaunitwemeanastretchoflanguageactivitywhichisthecarrierofapatternofaparticularkind.InEnglishphonology,forexample,thereisaunit,thetone-group,whichisthecarrierofrecurrentmeaningfulpatternsofpitch.
InEnglishgrammarwehaveunitssuchassentence,clauseandgroup:
eachoftheseisthecarrierofaparticularkindofmeaningfulgrammaticalpattern.
1.311(p6)Theunitsofgrammarorofphonologyoperateinhierarchies—‘larger’ormoreinclusiveunitsbeingmadeupof‘smaller’orlessinclusiveunits.Theyformascaleofunitsatdifferentranks.Thus,thesentencesquotedaboveeachconsistoftwoclauses.Thesentenceisaunitofhigherrankthantheclause.Andeachclauseconsistsofseveralgroups—theclausebeingaunitofhigherrankthanthegroup.
1.32Theunitisthecategorysetuptoaccountforthosestretchesoflanguage-activitywhichcarryrecurrentmeaningfulpatterns.Thepatternsthemselvesstillhavetobeaccountedfor—andthesearewhatwecallstructures.Astructureisanarrangementofelements.Thus,theelementsofstructureoftheEnglishunit‘clause’areP(predicator),S(subject),C(complement),A(adjunct).
1.33(p7)Byaclasswemeanagroupingofmembersofaunitintermsofthewayinwhichtheyoperateinthestructureoftheunitnextaboveinwhichtheyoperateinthestructureoftheunitnextaboveintherankscale.Structure,aswehavesaid,isstatedintermsoforderedarrangementsofelements:
thus,inEnglish,theelementsofstructureoftheunitclauseareS,P,C,A.Theunitswhichoperateasexponentsoftheseelementsarethemselvesgroups.Groups,then,maybeclassifiedintermsoftheparticularelementsofclausestructurewhichtheyexpound.Thuswehave,inEnglish,theclassofVerbalGroups,whichoperateat–orasexponentsof–Pinclause-structure;theclassofNominalGroupswhichoperateasexponentsofSorCinclause-structure,etc.
1.34Byasystemwemeanafinitesetofalternant,amongwhichachoicemustbemade.Veryoften,thesealternants,thetermsinasystem,arethemembersofaclass.
Anexampleofasystemingrammarmightbethenumber-system(Sing/Plur)(Sing/Dual/Plural),etc.,ofmanylanguages.WherenumberisasystemoftheNominalgroup(asinEnglish)thetermsinthesystemarethemselvessub-groupsorsub-classesoftheclass.
1.4Wehavereferredalreadytorankandhaveusedthetermsexponentanddelicacy.Thesethreetermsrefertothreescaleswhicharepartofthegeneraltheoryoflanguage,andoflanguage-description.
1.41(p8)Therankscaleisthescaleonwhichunitsarearrangedinagrammaticalorphonologicalhierarchy.InEnglishgrammarwesetupahierarchyof5units—thelargest,or‘highest’,ontherank-scaleisthesentence.Thesmallest,or‘lowest’,ontherankscaleisthemorpheme.Betweenthese,in‘descending’order,aretheclause,thegroupandtheword.Byplacingtheseinthisorderonthescaleofrankwemeanthateverysentenceconsistsofoneormorethanoneclause,everyclauseofoneormorethanonegroup,everygroupofoneormorethanoneword,andeverywordofoneormorethanonemorpheme.
1.411Thenormalrelationbetweenunitsinagrammaticalhierarchyisthatstatedhere:
namelythataunitatanyrankconsistsofoneormoreunitoftheranknextbelow,or,conversely,thataunitatanyrankoperatesinthestructureoftheunitnextabove.
Wemust,however,makeallowanceforthefactthatinalllanguageswefind‘Chinesebox’arrangementsofunits,inwhichaunitmaysometimesoperateinthestructureofaunitofthesameoroflowerrank.Todealwiththis,wemak
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- CatfordA Linguistic Theory of Translation周骄俪 Translation 周骄俪
![提示](https://static.bdocx.com/images/bang_tan.gif)