英语畅谈中国文化50主题.docx
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英语畅谈中国文化50主题.docx
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英语畅谈中国文化50主题
英语畅谈中国文化50主题
1.TheArtofCalligraphy奇妙的书法
A:
SomecriticssuggestthatdifferentgenresofChinesecalligraphyhavedifferentpoliticalimplications.TakeWangXizhiforexample.Hiscalligraphywasrepudiatedasunorthodoxduringhislifetimebut,onlyafewdecadesafterhisdeath,wasestablishedasanorthodoxgenre.
B:
That’sforsure!
Historically,Chinesecalligraphyandpoliticswerecloselyintertwined.Over2,000yearsago,EmperorQinShihuang,thefirstEmperorinChinesehistory,establishedtheofficialChinesewritingcharacters.Thenew,simplifiedcharactersmadewritingcalligraphylesscomplicated.Itallowedpeopletousecharacterswithmorestraightstrokes,thusmakingiteasiertowritewithbrushes.ThiscreatedtheLigenre.Overtime,othervariationswerealsodeveloped,whicheventualllyleadtotheformationofthefivegenresinChinesecalligraphy.TheseweretheZhuan,Li,Kai,XingandCaogenres.
A:
I’veheardthatmostemperorsweregoodatcalligraphy.TheTangDynastyEmperorLiShiminwasanavidcollectorofWangXizhi’swritings.
B:
That’sright.QingDynastyEmperorQianLongplayedakeyroleincompilinganauthoritativecollectionofcalligraphy.Tosomeextent,preferencesoftheEmperorshadaninfluenceontheriseandfallofcertaincalligraphygenres.
A:
OrdinaryChinesepeoplealsoseemedtolikecalligraohyalot.
B:
PartofthereasonwasthesponsorshipbytheEmperors.AnotherreasonwastheImperialCivilServiceexaminationsthatstartedinthe7thcentury.Thoseexaminationswerefocusedonwritingandprovidedawayforordinarypeopletoachieveabetterlife.Asaresult,calligraphybecamewidelyaccepted.Calligraphyalsohaditspracticalvaluesbecauseitwasagoodwaytomakefriendsandwasmorepresentableasagiftratherthanjewelryormoney.
A:
Doescalligraphystillhavethesepracticalfunctionsnow?
B:
Yes.Manypeoplepracticecalligraphyasawaytoraisetheirculturalaccomplishment.Olderpeopleusecalligraphicwritingasamethodtokeepfit.Theybelievethatwhenapersonconcentratesonwritingcalligraphy,hisinnerwellbeingisstimulated.
A:
IhadthoughtcomputerswouldleadtothedisappearanceofChinesecalligraphy.NowIunderstandthat’snotlikelytohappen.Howcanyougiveyourbosscomputer-printedcalligraphyasagift?
B:
Youdon’t,unlessyouwanthimtofireyou.
2.TheSignificanceofChinesePaintings中国画的含意
A:
It`sinterestingthatChinesepaintingscanbecreatedonthespot,eventhoughmostofthemhavesimilarsubjects.Peony,plumblossoms,mountains,creeksorcottagesareverypopular.Thereareoftenpaintersatsignificantcelebratoryandcommemorativeevents.
B:
Theireducationalfunctionis,infact,auniquefeatureofChinesepainting.Humanprofileswereusedasamethodtoeitherglorifyheroesorcondemntraitors2,000yearsago.TangDynastyofficialseventriedtobringpaintingintoConfuctionideology.TheCourtoftheSongDynastypublishedanofficialguidetopaintings.Thisraisedcriterianotonlyforhumanprofilesbutalsoforlandscapeandobjectpaintings.
A:
Oh,whatwasthat?
B:
Itclassifiedpaintingsintotencategoriescoveringreligiousbeliefs,Confucianismandstatepower.Thisclassficationgaveanofficialdefinitionofthevalueandsignificanceofthepaintings.Thepurposeoflandscapepaintingswastoportraythefivemountains,whilefruitandbirdswereusedtoexemplifyoreulogizetheGods.Inthiscase,thesubjectswereusedasreferencestopeopleinordertodelivermoralmessages.Forexample,peonyandpeacocksrepresentedwealthandfortune;pinetrees,bamboo,plumblossomsandorchidsrepresentedeleganceandaccomplishment;andpinetreesandcypressessymbolizedloyalty.
A:
AsfarasIknow,painterswhodidnothavetomakealivingbypaintinguseddiffferentskillstothosespecifiedintheguide,eventhoughtheypaintedthesamesubjects.
B:
Artistsareusuallyagainstpragmatism.Theyliketogivemeaningtothesubjectstheypaint.Bamboosymbolizesintegrityandpinetreessymbolizenevergivingup.Artistsalsolikelandscapes.Itdoesn`ttakealotoftrainingtopaintlandscapes.Italldependsonthepainter`spersonalityandability,aswellashisuniquetouch.Mostoftoday`snon-professionalpaintersfollowthelandscapestyle.Theobjectiveofthesepaintersispurelyentertainmentandself-satisfaction.Themoresuccessfulartistshavetheopportunitytoexhibitatpublicfunctions.Thatisprobablytheclimaxoftheirpaintingcareers.
A:
Whatareprofessionalpaintersdoing?
B:
Someofthemmakeagreatefforttoimprovetheirpaintingskills.Theywanttodevelopnewandinnovativepaintingmethodsbyborrowingfromothergenres.Othersarebusymakingmoney.Theyhavefoundwaystoprodurecommerciallyattractivepaintings.Somepeoplesaytheyarenolongerartists.Insteadtheyhavebecomemanufacturersofpaintings.
3.RediscoverConfucius重新发现孔子
DidyouseethestatueofConfuciuslaunchedbytheChinaConfuciusFund?
A:
你看到中国孔子基金会发布的孔子标准像了吗?
B:
Yes,Idid.Itdoesn`tquitematchtheConfuciusimageinmymindthough.Iheardtherearemanydifferentopinionsaboutthisso-calledofficialstatue.But,tobefait,it`sanimpossiblejobtocreateanofficialstatueofsomeonewholivedmorethan2,500yearsago.Nooneknowswhathelookedlike,justlikenooneintheWestknowswhatPlatolookedlike.Nevertheless,Confuciuswasagreatphilosopher,aneducator,aplitician,aswellasthefounderofConfucianism,whichstillhasatremendousinfluenceoverpeopletoday.
B:
看到了,但它不完全是我心目中的孔子形象。
据说有很多人对这个标准像持不同意见。
这也难怪,也已毕竟生活在2500多年前,没有谁能够想像他真实的长相,就像你们西方人不知道柏拉图的面孔一样。
但是,孔子对今天中国人的生活和思想依然有着重大的影响。
他是中国古代的思想家、教育家、政治家,也是儒学的创始人。
A:
Confucianismseemstobebackinfashinagain.AsfarasIknow,aboutfivetosixmillionChinesestudentsarecurrentlystudyingTheanalectsofConfucius.SomecompaniesareusingConfucianismasamanagementtool.ThegovemmentisalsopromotingtheConfucianvaluesofethics,fairness,andhonesty.Theyseeitasawaytoaddressthesocialproblemsthathaveemergedasaresultoftheacceleratedeconomicgrowth.
A:
儒家思想似乎又风行起来了。
就我所知,中国有五六百万的孩子在学习《论语》;不少企业家把儒家思想引进到企业管理中;中国政府也试图通过倡导道德、公正和廉洁的儒家思想,来解决经济调整发展带来的社会问题。
B:
ConfucianismisthebackboneofChineseculture.Confuciusdevelopedhisphilosophyaroundtheconceptofbenevolence.TheAnalectsofConfuciusisarecordofhispoliticalviews.Confucianismrepresentsasetofmoralprinciplesbecauseitstressesfairnessandharmonyingumanrelationships,aswellastheindividual`ssocialresponsibilityfortheircountry.ForConfucius,politicalhonestyisbasedonindividualethicalintegrity.
B:
儒家思想是中国传统文化的主干。
孔子的哲学体系以“仁”为核心,《论语》记载着他的政治学说。
儒学是一套伦理道德,强调的是为人处事的正派、人际关系的和谐以及个人对国家的责任感。
在孔子看来,政治的说法是以人品的正直为基础的。
A:
SomeAmericanscholarsdidacomparativestudyofconfuciuswithGreekandRomanphilosophers.TheirconclusionwasthatthereismorepracticalvalueinConfucianism.Whyitthat?
A:
有的美国学者将孔子与古希腊哲人相比较,认为他的思想更具有实用价值。
为什么?
B:
WellithasextensiveapplicationinChinesesociety.Confuciuswasalsoanaccomplishededucator.Hetreatedhisstudentsashisequalbyteachingthemdemocraticandopen-mindedideas.InthewordsoftheAmericanscholars,Confuciuswantedtotrainhisstudentstobecomemoreunrestrainedandadaprabletoexternalinfluences.
B:
因为它被广泛运用于中国社会。
孔子还是个了不起的教育家,他平等对待学生,教给他们民主、开放的观念。
用美国学者的话说就是:
培养能够自然从容并适应环境的君子。
A:
ThereisalsoanincreasingawarenessofConfucianisminotherpartsoftheworld.Thismaybearesultofvariouspolitical,cultural,andenvironmentalchallengesduetoChina`sgrowingeconomicimportance.Asaresult,theriseofindividualisminthecommunityhasbecomeaseriousthreattosocialharmonyandprogress.Adifferentsetofvaluesareneededasacounterbalance.Confucianismemphasizes"courtesy"and"respect"whendealingwithpeopleornaturesoitshouldbeverybeneficialforbuildingharmonyinanysociety.
A:
据我所知,儒家学说也在世界其他地方逐渐引起了重视。
这也许与中国经济的高速发展所带来的各种政治、文化,以及环境等问题的巨大挑战有关。
个人主义在商品社会中的极端发展,对社会的和谐与进步构成威胁,必须寻求另一种价值观来取得平衡。
而孔子的学说恰好提倡以“礼”来处理人际关系及与自然的关系,对于和谐社会的构建大有益处。
B:
Youareright.AscholaroncesaidthatanswersconcerningoursurvivalcanbefoundinthewisdomofConfucius,eventhoughhelivedmorethan25centuriesago.
B:
有道理。
正如一位学者所说:
21世纪的生存问题,必须回到25个世纪之前孔子的智慧中去寻求解决的答案。
04-DifferencesBetweenChineseandWesternMedicines中西医的差异
A:
Formanyyears,therehavebeenrepeateddiscussionstogiveupChinesemedicine.Itsrecentlybecomeahottopiconceagain.AndbecausebelievetheChinesemedicineisnotscientificallybasedincomparisontoWesternmedicine.
B:
AlthoughitisdebatablewhyChinesemedicineisscientificallysound.Youcannotdenyithasarichphilosophicsignificance.ThisisverydifferentfromWesternmedicine.Usually,aChinesemedicinepractitionerapproachesonthehomeandabroadperspective,emphasisitsentiretyanddialecticalimplications.Thisiswhysomepeopleviewitasaholisticmedicine.Incontrast,aWesterndoctordealstorecipewithsymptoms.Forinstance,ifsomeonehasasorethroat,aWesterndoctorwilltreateditasathroatproblemwhileaChinesedoctormaylinkittothedisorderofthepatient’sstomach.
A:
What'sthedifferencebetweenChineseandWesternmedicines?
B:
AChinesedoctorexaminesitspatientsbyusingmethodslikeobserving,smelling,askingandfeeling.HisWesterncounterpartsreliesonsymptomsorevidence,likebodytemperatureandlabtests.AChinesedoctordeterminestheproblemofpatientsinteriororgansbyinfluencethroughobservingveryexteriorsignssuchascomplexionorthetongue.AWesterndoctor,ontheotherhand,makeshisjudgementbasedontheresultsoflabtestsontheinternalorgans.Hethenreinforcesitsjudgementbyexaminingexteriorsymptoms.AW
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