语言学重点概念总结复习过程.docx
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语言学重点概念总结复习过程.docx
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语言学重点概念总结复习过程
语言学重点概念总结
Designfeatures(定义特征):
thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimals.
Synchronic(共时的):
saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical“point”intime.
Diachronic(历时的):
saidofthestudyofdevelopmentoflanguageandlanguagesovertime.
Prescriptive(规定式):
tomakeanauthoritarianstatementaboutthecorrectnessofaparticularuseoflanguage.
Descriptive(描写式):
tomakeanobjectiveandsystematicaccountofthepatternsanduseofalanguageorvariety.
Competence(语言能力):
unconsciousknowledgeofthesystemofgrammaticalrulesinalanguage.
对于一门语言的语法规则系统的无意识获得的知识。
Performance(语言运用):
thelanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.
人们说话写作时实际使用的语言。
Langue(语言):
thelanguagesystemsharedbya“speechcommunity”.
一个“语言社团”共有的语言系统。
Parole(言语):
theconcreteutterancesofaspeaker.
说话人实际说的话语。
Phonology(音系学):
thestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguage.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgovernthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.
InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(国际音标):
asetofstandardphoneticsymbolsintheformofachart(theIPAchart),designedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationsince1888.Ithasbeenrevisedfromtimetotimetoincludenewdiscoveriesandchangesinphonetictheoryandpractice.
CardinalVowels(基本元音):
asetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexistinglanguages.
Assimilation(同化现象):
aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound,atermoftenusedsynonymouslywith“coarticulation”.Ifafollowingsoundisinfluencingaprecedingsound,itiscalledregressive”assimilation”;theconverseprocess,inwhichaprecedingsoundisinfluencingafollowingsound,isknownasprogressive”assimilation”.
MaximalOnsetPrinciple(最大节首原则):
aprinciplefordividingthesyllablewhenthereisaclusterofconsonantsbetweentwovowels,whichstatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda.
Morpheme(语素):
thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.
Inflection(屈折变化):
isthemanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixessuchasnumber,person,finiteness,aspectandcasestowhichtheyareattached.
Derivation(派生词):
isthemostcommonword-formationprocesstobefoundintheproductionofnewEnglishwords.ItisaccomplishedbymeansofalargenumberofaffixesofEnglishlanguage,andshowstherelationshipbetweenrootsandaffixes.
Boundmorpheme(黏着语素):
refertothosewhichcannotoccuraloneandmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme.
Freemorpheme(自由语素):
refertothosewhichmayoccuraloneorwhichmayconstitutewordsbythemselves.
Grammaticalword(语法词):
refertothosewhichmainlyworkforconstructinggroup,phrase,clausecomplex,oreventext,suchas,conjunctions,prepositions,articles,andpronouns.Grammaticalwordsservetolinktogetherdifferentcontentparts.
Lexicalword(词汇词):
refertothosewhichmainlyworkforreferringtosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.Lexicalwordscarrythemaincontentofalanguage.
Closed-class(封闭类):
AwordthatbelongstotheCLOSED-CLASSisonewhosemembershipisfixedorlimited,suchaspronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,andothers.Onecannoteasilyaddordeduceanewmember.
Open-class(开放类):
isonewhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited.Whennewideas,inventions,ordiscoveriesemerge,newmembersarecontinuallyandconstantlybeingaddedtothelexicon.Nouns,verbs,adjectives,andmanyadverbsareallopen-classitems.
Syntax(句法):
thestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.
Co-occurrence(共现):
Itmeansthatwordsofdifferentsetsofclausesmaypermit,orrequire,theoccurrenceofawordofanothersetorclasstoformasentenceoraparticularpartofasentence.
Endocentric(向心结构):
endocentricconstructionisonewhosedistributionisfunctionallyequivalenttothatofoneormoreofitsconstituents,whichservesasadefinableCenterorHeadofthewhole.
Exocentric(离心结构):
exocentricconstructionreferstoagroupofsyntacticallyrelatedwordswherenoneofthewordsisfunctionallyequivalenttothegroupasawhole,thatis,thereisnodefinable“Centre”o
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- 关 键 词:
- 语言学 重点 概念 总结 复习 过程
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