mark twain.docx
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mark twain.docx
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marktwain
Whatis“LocalColor”?
It’satrendinthelate1860sandearly1870s,havingtheelementsthatcharacterizealocalculturesuchasspeech,customs,andotherpeculiarities,andthephysicalsettingandthosedistinctivequalitiesofLandscapewhichconditionhumanthoughtandbehaviour.
Reasons
1.UnevendevelopmentineconomyinUSA
2.Culture:
flourishingoffrontierliterature,humorists
3.Magazinesappearedtoletwriterspublishtheirworks
Tasksoflocalcolorists
towriteorpresentlocalcharactersoftheirregionsintruthfuldepictiondistinguishedfromothers,usuallyaverysmallpartoftheworld.
TheFirstlocalColoristWriter:
BretHarte布列特·哈特
Thefirstwork:
TheLuckofRoaringCamp(《咆哮营的幸运儿》,1865)
features
♦Localcolororregionalliteratureisfictionandpoetrythatfocuseson:
thecharacters,thedialects,thecustoms,otherfeaturesparticulartoaspecificregion.
♦Concernedwiththelifeofasmall,well-definedregionorprovince.
♦Thecharacteristicsetting:
theisolatedsmalltown.
♦Itsweaknessesmayincludenostalgiaorsentimentality.
♦Itscustomaryform:
thesketchorshortstory,althoughHamlinGarlandarguedforthenoveloflocalcolor.
Writersofregionalliterature
*Garland,Harte—theWest
*Eggleston—Indiana
*Jewett—Maine
*Chopin—Louisiana
*MarkTwain—Mississippi
*Mrs.Stowe—theSouth
MarkTwain(1835-1910)
1.life
♦MarkTwainwasbornSamuelLanghorneClemensonNovember30,1835inFlorida,Missouri,thesixthofsevenchildrenborntoJane,anativeofKentucky,andJohnMarshallClemens(1798–1847),anativeofVirginia.
♦Whenhewasfour,Twain'sfamilymovedtoHannibal,Missouri,[14]aporttownontheMississippiRiverthatinspiredthefictionaltownofSt. PetersburginTheAdventuresofTomSawyerandtheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.
♦Hisfatherwasanattorneyandjudge,whodiedofpneumoniain1847,whenTwainwas11.
♦Thenextyear,Twainleftschoolafterthefifthgradetobecomeaprinter'sapprentice.In1851hebeganworkingasatypesetter,contributingarticlesandhumoroussketchestotheHannibalJournal,anewspaperthatOrionowned.
♦Whenhewas18,heleftHannibalandworkedasaprinterinNewYorkCity,Philadelphia,St.Louis,andCincinnati,joiningthenewlyformedInternationalTypographicalUnion,theprinterstradeunion.Heeducatedhimselfinpubliclibrariesintheevenings,findingwiderinformationthanataconventionalschool.
♦SteamboatpilotHoraceE.BixbytookTwainonasacubpilottoteachhimtheriverbetweenNewOrleansandSt.Louisfor$500,payableoutofTwain'sfirstwagesaftergraduating.Itwasmorethantwoyearsbeforehereceivedhispilot'slicensein1859.Pilotinggavealsohimhispennamefrom"marktwain",theleadsman'scryforameasuredriverdepthoftwofathoms(12feet),whichwassafewaterforasteamboat.HecontinuedtoworkontheriverandwasariverpilotuntiltheCivilWarbrokeoutin1861,whentrafficwascurtailedalongtheMississippiRiver.Atthestartofhostilities,heenlistedbrieflyinalocalConfederateunit.Helaterwrotethesketch"ThePrivateHistoryofaCampaignThatFailed",describinghowheandhisfriendshadbeenConfederatevolunteersfortwoweeksbeforedisbanding.
♦HethenleftforNevadatoworkforOrion,whowasSecretaryoftheNevadaTerritory.TwaindescribestheepisodeinhisbookRoughingIt.Twain'sjourneyendedinthesilver-miningtownofVirginiaCity,NevadawherehebecameaminerontheComstockLode.HefailedasaminerandwenttoworkattheVirginiaCitynewspaperTerritorialEnterprise,workingunderafriend,thewriterDanDeQuille.HefirstusedhispennamehereonFebruary3,1863,whenhewroteahumoroustravelaccountandsignedit"MarkTwain".
♦HisexperiencesintheAmericanWestinspiredRoughingIt,writtenduring1870–71andpublishedin1872.HisexperiencesinAngelsCamp(inCalaverasCounty,California)providedmaterialfor"TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty"(1865).
♦TwainmovedtoSanFranciscoin1864,stillasajournalist,andmetwriterssuchasBretHarteandArtemusWard.InMay1864,aquarrelwitharivaljournalist,whomhechallengedtoaduel,forcedTwaintofleetoSanFrancisco,California.ForthenexttwoyearsheworkedforvariousCaliforniapapers.TwainmovedtoSanFranciscoin1864,stillasajournalist,andmetwriterssuchasBretHarteandArtemusWard.
♦Hisfirstsuccessasawritercamewhenhishumoroustalltale"TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty"waspublishedonNovember18,1865intheNewYorkweeklyTheSaturdayPress,bringinghimnationalattention.
♦In1867,alocalnewspaperfundedhistriptotheMediterraneanaboardtheQuakerCity,includingatourofEuropeandtheMiddleEast.HewroteacollectionoftravelletterswhichwerelatercompiledasTheInnocentsAbroad(1869).ItwasonthistripthathemetfellowpassengerCharlesLangdon,whoshowedhimapictureofhissisterOlivia.Twainlaterclaimedtohavefalleninloveatfirstsight.
♦TwainandOliviaLangdoncorrespondedthroughout1868.Sherejectedhisfirstmarriageproposal,buttheyweremarriedinElmira,NewYorkinFebruary1870,wherehecourtedherandmanagedtoovercomeherfather'sinitialreluctance.Shecamefroma"wealthybutliberalfamily";throughher,hemetabolitionists,"socialists,principledatheistsandactivistsforwomen'srightsandsocialequality",includingHarrietBeecherStowe(hisnext-doorneighborinHartford,Connecticut),FrederickDouglass,andwriterandutopiansocialistWilliamDeanHowells,[32]whobecamealong-timefriend.
♦ThecouplelivedinBuffalo,NewYork,from1869to1871.HeownedastakeintheBuffaloExpressnewspaperandworkedasaneditorandwriter.WhiletheywerelivinginBuffalo,theirsonLangdondiedofdiphtheriaattheageof19 months.Theyhadthreedaughters:
Susy(1872–1896),Clara(1874–1962),[33]andJean(1880–1909).
♦TwainmovedhisfamilytoHartford,Connecticut,wherehearrangedthebuildingofahomestartingin1873.Inthe1870sand1880s,thefamilysummeredatQuarryFarminElmira,thehomeofOlivia'ssister,SusanCrane.
♦Twainwrotemanyofhisclassicnovelsduringhis17yearsinHartford(1874–1891)andover20summersatQuarryFarm.TheyincludeTheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876),ThePrinceandthePauper(1881),LifeontheMississippi(1883),AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1885),andAConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur'sCourt(1889).
♦Thecouple'smarriagelasted34yearsuntilOlivia'sdeathin1904.
♦Twainpassedthroughaperiodofdeepdepressionwhichbeganin1896whenhisdaughterSusydiedofmeningitis.Olivia'sdeathin1904andJean'sonDecember24,1909deepenedhisgloom.[66]OnMay20,1909,hisclosefriendHenryRogersdiedsuddenly.In1906,TwainbeganhisautobiographyintheNorthAmericanReview.InApril,heheardthathisfriendInaCoolbrithhadlostnearlyallthatsheownedinthe1906SanFranciscoearthquake,andhevolunteeredafewautographedportraitphotographstobesoldforherbenefit.TofurtheraidCoolbrith,GeorgeWhartonJamesvisitedTwaininNewYorkandarrangedforanewportraitsession.Hewasresistantinitially,butheeventuallyadmittedthatfouroftheresultingimageswerethefinestonesevertakenofhim.
♦TwainwasborntwoweeksafterHalley'sComet'sclosestapproachin1835;hesaidin1909:
IcameinwithHalley'sCometin1835.Itiscomingagainnextyear,andIexpecttogooutwithit.ItwillbethegreatestdisappointmentofmylifeifIdon'tgooutwithHalley'sComet.TheAlmightyhassaid,nodoubt:
"Nowherearethesetwounaccountablefreaks;theycameintogether,theymustgoouttogether".
Twain'spredictionwasaccurate;hediedofaheartattackonApril21,1910inRedding,Connecticut,onedayafterthecomet'sclosestapproachtoEarth.UponhearingofTwain'sdeath,PresidentWilliamHowardTaftsaid:
MarkTwaingavepleasure—realintellectualenjoyment—tomillions,andhisworkswillcontinuetogivesuchpleasuretomillionsyettocome…HishumorwasAmerican,buthewasnearlyasmuchappreciatedbyEnglishmenandpeopleofothercountriesasbyhisowncountrymen.HehasmadeanenduringpartofAmericanliterature.
♦Inhislaterworksthechangefromanoptimistandhumoristtoanalmostdespairingdeterministisunmistakable.
♦Somecriticslinkthischangewiththetragiceventsofhislaterlife,thefailureofhisinvestments,hisfatiguingtravelsandlecturesinordertopayoffhisdebts,andaddedtothis,thedeathofhiswifeandtwodaughterswhichlefthimabsolutelyinconsolable.
2.MarkTwain’sWritings
(1867)TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty(fiction)
(1869)TheInnocentsAbroad(non-fictiontravel)
(1871)MarkTwain's(Burlesque)AutobiographyandFirstRomance(fiction)
(1872)RoughingIt(non-fiction)
(1873)TheGildedAge:
ATaleofToday(fiction,madeintoaplay)
(1875)SketchesNewandOld(fictionalstories)
(1876)OldTimesontheMississippi(non-fiction)
(1876)TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(fiction)
(1876)AMurder,aMystery,andaMarriage(fiction);
(1880)ATrampAbroad(travel)
(1882)ThePrinceandthePauper(fiction)
(1883)LifeontheMississippi(non-fiction(mainly))
(1884)AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(fiction)
(1889)AConnecticutYankeeinKingArthur'sCourt(fiction)
(1893)The£1,000,000BankNoteandOtherNewStories
(1894)TomSawyerAbroad(fiction)
(1894)TheTragedyofPudd'nheadWilson(fiction)
(1896)PersonalRecollectionsofJoanofArc(fiction)
(1897)HowtoTellaStoryandotherEssays(non-fictionalessays)
(1897)FollowingtheEquator(non-fictiontravel)
(1898)IsH
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