英语专业论文.docx
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英语专业论文.docx
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英语专业论文
1.Introduction
China’slonghistory,vastterritoryandextensivecontactwithothernationsandcultureshavegivenbirthtothedistinctiveChineseculinaryart.Withseveralthousandsofcreativeandaccumulativeefforts,theChineseculinaryhasincreasinglybecomepopularamongmoreandmoreoverseasgourmets,virtuallyfunctioningasanenvoyoffriendshipinChina’sculturalexchangeswithforeigncountries.Withtheworldeconomicglobalization,thetranslationofChinesedishnamesintoEnglish,ameansoftransmittinginformationandculture,isofgreatimportanceintheexchangesoffoodculture.Toputitinasimplerway,aforeignerusuallycannotrememberthenamesoftheChinesedishesthathehaseaten,andcannotorderthemnexttimeneither,letalonerecommendthemtohisfriends.ThetranslationofChinesedishnameis,tosomedegree,thecruxintheexchangesofChinesefoodcultureanddeservesmuchmoreattentionandafurtherresearch.
Firstly,weshouldgainanoverallunderstandingandappreciationofthedefinitionoftranslationandculture,andtherelationbetweenthem,andtherelationbetweenlanguageandculturebeforewegetintotheprocessoftranslatingtheChinesedishnamesintoEnglish.
2.Theoreticalresearch
2.1Thedefinitionsandrelationsoflanguage,translationandculture
Whatistranslation?
TheNewOxfordDictionaryofEnglishdefinesitas“awrittenorspokenrenderingofthemeaningofaword,speech,bookorothertest,inanotherlanguage.”[1]AclassicversionofthedefinitionmadebyAmericanfamoustranslatorE.A.Nidais“translationconsistsinreproducinginthereceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalenceofthesource-message,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle”[2].Itisobviousthatthetransferofthesourcelanguageintothetargetlanguageisthebasiccontent.Itisalsouniversallyacknowledgedthattheculturalelementsareinevitablyinvolvedintheprocessoftranslation.
Theword“culture”originatesfromtheLatinword“cultura”,whichrepresentsawiderangeofmeaningsincludingploughing,housing,exercising,focusing,etc.inLatinlanguage.
Meritstudentencyclopediadescribescultureas“thepatternofbehavioracquiredbymanthroughsociallearning.Thecultureofagroupofpeopleisitsentirewaylife.Cultureincludeseconomic,technologic,andscientificmethodsofdealingwiththephysicalenvironment;rulesforregulatingpoliticalandsociallifeandalsolanguage,moralvalues,andaestheticandreligiousbeliefsandpractices.(Thisbroadanddefinitiondiffersfromthepopularconceptionofcultureaspoetry,painting,music,orotherstrictlyaestheticactivities.)”[3]
Americanencyclopediagivesadefinitionasatechnicaltermemergedinthewritingsofanthropologistsinthemid19thcentury.TheEnglishanthropologistSirEdwarsB.Tylerusedittorefertothe“complexwhole”ofideasandthingsproducedbymenintheirhistoricalexperience.By1910,Americananthropologistswereusing“culture”torefertodistinctivegroupsoftraitscharacterizingparticulartribalsocieties.In1930s,RuthBenidictdiscussed“culture”asapatternofthinkinganddoingthatrunsthroughtheactivitiesofapeopleanddistinguishesthenfromallotherpeoples.Inthelateryears,culturebecameatermusedtodescribethedistinctivehumanmodeofadaptingtotheenvironment-moldingnaturetoconformtoman’sdesiresandgoals.Thereareothermeanings.However,allanthropologistsagreethatcultureconsistsofthelearnedwaysofbehavingandadapting,ascontrastedtoinheritedheavierpatternsofinstincts.[3]
AmericanfamoustranslatorE.A.Nidaarguesthatculturecanbebrieflydefinedas”thetotalityofbeliefs,andpracticesofasociety”[4],nothingisofgreaterstrategicimportancethanthelanguagethroughwhichitsbeliefsareexpressedandtransmittedandbywhichmostinteractionofitsmemberstakesplace.
Althoughthedefinitionsofcultureareasmanyasmorethantwohundred,thebasicconceptstheyhold,eitherinthewestortheeast,tosomedegree,reachageneralconsensus,thatis,cultureistheresultofhuman’sactivities.Thenobviously,language,oneofhuman’simportantactivities,belongstoculture.Sinceeverylanguagehasitsownuniqueculture,theculturalelementsareinevitablyinvolvedinthetranslationofonelanguageintoanother.
2.2Theprocessofdevelopmentoftheprinciplesandmethodsoftranslation
Whenitcomestotranslation,theprinciplesandmethodsoftranslationshouldbefirstlyfocusedon.In1789,theEnglishtranslatorandscholar,GeorgeCampbellfirstpresentedthreeprinciplesoftranslation,i.e.,thefirstthing…istogiveajustrepresentationofthesenseoftheoriginal…thesecondthingis,toconveyintohisversion,asmuchaspossible,inaconsistencywiththegeniusofthelanguagewhichhewrites,theauthor’sspiritandmanner…thethirdandlastthingis,totakecare,theversionhaveatleast,sofarthequalityofanoriginalperformance,astoappearnaturalandeasy.Nextyear,anotherfamoustranslator,AlexanderF.Tyleralsohadhisownthreeprinciples:
1.Thatthetranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalword.2.Thatthestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.3.Thatthetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoforiginalcomposition.[1]
ChinesetranslatorZhangGuruobringsthekeyword“地道”inChinese,whichiscompatiblewiththeword“idiomatic”inEnglish.Foreigntranslatorsandscholarsuseidiomatictranslation,i.e.“…atranslationstrategywhichaimsforaTTreadsasnaturallyaspossible.TheapproachissimilartothatofDYNAMICEQUIVALENCE,inthatitstressestheimportanceofreproducingtheoriginal’simpactonthetargetaudience.Anidiomatictranslationisthusdefinedasone‘whichhasthesamemeaningasthesourcelanguagebutisexpressedinthenaturalformofthereceptorlanguage’,andonewhich‘themeaning,nottheform,isretained’”.[5]
Inthelonghistoryoftranslation,theword-for-wordtranslationandfreetranslationarethemainstreamintheexplorationoftranslationmethods,eitherYanFu’strinitycriteria--faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance,orLuXun’sfaithfulnessandsmoothness,orLinYutang’sfaithfulness,smoothnessandbeauty.Whileword-for-wordtranslationandfreetranslationareconcernedonthelinguisticlevel,thetheoryofforeignizationanddomestication,whichextendstosuchfieldsasculture,aestheticstheory,etc.,wasintroducedinternationallybytheAmericantranslationtheoristLawrenceVenutiinhisbookTheTranslator’sInvisibilityin1995.
Neitheroveremphasisonforeignizationheldbyaregimentofoverseastranslatorsandscholarsnorinsidiousdomesticationiswelcomedinthedevelopmentoftranslation.SunZhili,afamousChinesetranslator,oncedrewaclassicstatement:
foreignizationanddomesticationareofmutualinfluenceandinterdependence.[5]
3.ThepresentsituationinthetranslationofChinesedishnames
3.1AbriefintroductiontothepresentwaysandtheirconflictsoftranslatingChinesedishnamesintoEnglish
Theseprinciplesandmethodsoftranslationmentionedabove,aswellastheargumentsarealsoinvolvedinthetranslationofChinesedishnames.
ZhangYundainhisThefeaturesandMethodsinTranslatingChineseDishNames[6]statedthatitisbettertogainabriefandoverallunderstandingofthecookingmethods,slicingtechniques,seasoningandflavoroftheChinesedishinordertogetanexactandsmoothtranslation.Thetranslationmethodsheemploysareword-for-wordtranslation,freetranslationandfreetranslationwithacertainexplanation.SodoesZhuXiaomeiinherAProbeintotheTranslationTechniquesofChineseDishNames[7],whothinksthattheword-for-wordtranslationandfreetranslationaretwomajormeansintheprocessoftranslation.Theformeristhebasicmeansintranslation,andthelatterisanecessaryandcomplementarymeans.Andbesidesthesetwomethods,shealsointroducesthemethodoftranslatinginChinesephoneticsymbols.LiuPininherTheinterpretationofChineseDishNames[8],whichwaspublishedonthemagazineChineseScience&TechnologyTranslationJournal,additionallybringsinthemethodofdomestication,thatis,someChinesedishnamesshouldbetranslatedintosomeEuropeanonesthatarefamiliartothewesterners,sincetherearealotofsimilaritiesbetweenthem.AndshealsopointsoutthattheinterpretationofChinesedishnamesisactuallyanintroductionofChinesefoodculturetotheforeignvisitors.Andthetranslatorshouldboastcross-culturalawarenessinsuchenvironment,thatis,thetranslatorshouldgainaprofoundknowledgeaboutourownfoodculture,andtrytounderstandthecognitiveleveloftheforeignvisitorsaboutChina’sculture,andactivelyengageintheculturalexchanges.
XiongLiyouinhisTheFunctionandTranslationSkillsofChineseCuisine[9]appliesthetheoryofFunctionalEquivalence.Nida’sclassictheorygoesas“ingeneralitisbesttospeakof‘functionalequivalence’intermsofarangeofadequacy,sincenotranslationisevercompletelyequivalent.Anumberofdifferenttranslationscaninfactrepresentvaryingdegreesofequivalence.Thismeansthat‘equivalence’,cannotbeunderstoodinitsmathematicalmeaningofidentity,butonlyintermsofproximity,i.e.,onthebasisofdegreesofclosenesstofunctionalidentity”.[4]Healsorecommendsthetheoryofuntranslatability.Forexample,itisbetternottoputthedishesthatcookedwithanimal’sinternalorganssuchasliver,kidney,etc.,onthemenu,sincethesekindsofthingsareconsideredoffensiveinthewesternworld.
DongLi
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