教育硕士英语教学法教案.docx
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教育硕士英语教学法教案.docx
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教育硕士英语教学法教案
ForeignLanguageTeachingMethodology
信阳师范学院外国语学院
2013-2-6
ChapterOne
GeneralIntroductiontoForeignLanguageTeachingMethodology
Ⅰ.KeyPoints(学习要点)
Thegoalofforeignlanguageteaching—thegoalistohelpthelearnermasterthetargetlanguageintheshortestpossibletime.Whatdowemeanbymasteringthetargetlanguage?
—Wemeanthatthelearnerisabletohavesuccessfulcommunicationswithothersinthetargetlanguage.
1.TheNatureofFLTM(外语教学法的性质)
Foreignlanguageteachingmethodology(FLTM)isasciencewhichstudiestheprocessandpatternsofforeignlanguageteaching.Itsaimistoreveal(show)thenatureandlawsofforeignlanguageteaching.Itinvolves(includes)alotofdisciplinessuchaslinguistics,psychology,psycholinguisticsandsociolinguistics.Therefore,wesaythatFLTMisaninter-disciplinaryscienceanditmakesuseofmanysubjects.
2.TheoriesofLinguistics(语言学理论)
1)Traditionallinguistics(传统语言学)
Traditionallinguisticshasatraditionofmorethan2000years.ItwasstartedbytheGreeksinthefifthcenturyB.C.
Thetwocontroversiesontherelationsbetweenformandmeaning—(A)Thenaturalistsarguedthattheformsofwordsreflecteddirectlythenatureofobjectswhiletheconventionaliststhoughtthatlanguagewasconventionalandtherewasnologicconnectionbetweenformandmeaningofwords.(B)Theotherwasbetweentheanalogists(类比推理派)andanomalists(变异派)—theanalogiststhoughtthatlanguageingeneralwasregularandtherewererulesforpeopletofollowwhiletheanomaliststhoughtthatlanguagewasbasicallyirregularandthatwaswhythereweresomanyexceptionsandirregularitiesintheGreeklanguage.
Natureoftraditionallinguistics—Traditionallinguisticswaspracticalinnature.Peoplemadeastudyoflanguageinordertounderstandtheclassicwordsofancienttimesandtoteachstudents.Theygaveoftentookaprescriptiveapproachwhentheydiscussedrulesoflanguage.
2)Americanstructuralism(美国结构主义语言学)
Americanstructuralismstartedatthebeginningofthe20thcenturyinAmerica.Itbecamepopularandinfluentialinthe1930sand40sthroughtheworld.
ThetwoforerunnersofstructuralismareFranzBoasandEdwardSapir.FronzBoasfoundthatthetraditionalgrammaticalmodelcouldnotbeusedtoanalyzethestructuresofthoselanguages.SapirfoundthatalthoughIndians’languageshadnowrittenforms,theywereverycommunities.ThefatherofAmericanstructuralismisLeonardBloomfield.Heacceptedthetheoriesandprinciplesofbehaviourism.Hecharacterizedlanguageandlanguageacquisitionintermsofbehavioristterminology.Hethoughtlanguagewasahabitofverbalbehaviorwhichconsistedofaseriesofstimuliandresponses.Hearguedthattoacquirealanguagewastoformahabitofverbalbehaviorandlearningasecondlanguagewaslearninganewhabit.Hethoughtthatspeechwasprimaryandwritingwassecondary.
Thestructuralviewoflanguageseeslanguageasalinguisticsystemmadeupofvarioussubsystems:
thesoundsystem(phonology);thediscreteunitsofmeaningproducedbysoundcombinations(morphology),andthesystemofcombiningunitsofmeaningforcommunication(syntax).Eachlanguagehasafinitenumberofsuchstructuralitemssoastobeabletounderstandandproducelanguage.Whenthisstructuralviewoflanguagewascombinedwiththestimulus-responseprinciplesofbehavioristpsychology,theaudiolingualapproachtolanguagelearningemerged.
3)Transformationalgenerativelinguistics(转换生成语言学)
ThetransformationalgenerativelinguisticswasfirstputforwardbyNoamChomskyin1957.HewroteabookSyntacticStructurestospreadhistheory.
Hismainpoints—Chomskyassumesthatchildrenarebornwithalanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD).Thisismadeupofgeneralprinciplescalleduniversalgrammar.Oncethechildisborn,theparticularlanguageenvironmentwilltriggertheLAD.Thechildwilluseandtesttheprinciplesagainandagainuntilhishypothesesagreewiththeactualgrammarofthelanguage.Chomskyhasalsomadethedistinctionbetweenlinguisticcompetenceandlinguisticperformance.Linguisticcompetencereferstotheinternalizedknowledgethatatnativespeakerofthatlanguagepossesses.Linguisticsperformancereferstotheactualutteranceproducedbythenativespeakers.Chomskeybelievesthatlinguisticsshouldstudythelinguisticscompetence,nottheperformance,ofthenativespeakersoastosetupasystemofrulesthatwillgenerateaninfinitenumberofgrammaticalsentences.Inordertogainthegoal,Chomskyarguesthatweshoulduseadeductive,hypothesis-testingapproachshouldbeused.
4)Functionallinguistics(功能语言学)
Inthe1960s,Britishlinguistsdevelopedasystemofcategoriesbasedonthecommunicativeneedsoftheleaner(JohnsonandMarrow,1981)andproposedasyllabusbasedoncommunicativefunctions.Thefunctionalviewnotonlyseeslanguageasalinguisticsystembutalsoameansfordoingthings.Mostofourday-to-daylanguageuseinvolvesfunctionalactivities:
offering,suggesting,advising,apologizing,etc.Therefore,learnerslearnalanguageinordertobeabletodothingswithit.Inordertoperformfunctions,learnersneedtoknowhowtocombinethegrammaticalrulesandthevocabularytoexpressnotionsthatperformthefunctions.Examplesofnotionsaretheconceptofpresent,past&futuretime,theexpressionsofcertaintyandpossibility,therolesofagents,instrumentswithinasentence,andspecialrelationshipsbetweenpeopleandobjects.
5)Interactionallinguistics(互动语言学)
Theinteractionalviewconsiderslanguagetobeacommunicativetool,whosemainuseistobuildupandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople.Therefore,learnersnotonlyneedtoknowthegrammarandvocabularyofthelanguagebutasimportantlytheyneedtoknowtherulesforusingtheminawholerangeofcommunicativecontexts.
3.TheoriesofPsychologyandSecondLanguageAcquisition(心理学理论与第二语言(外语)习得理论)
1)Theoriesofpsychology(心理学理论)
ThefirstlaboratoryofexperimentalpsychologywassetupattheUniversityofLeipzig,Germany,in1897.Itannouncedtheofficialbirthofpsychology.ItwasopenedbyWilhelmWundt.
(1)Gestaltpsychology(格式塔心理学)
GestaltpsychologywasfoundedbyagroupofGermanpsychologistsinthe1920s.Theirresearchwasfocusedontheareaofperception,aimingatthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenpartsandwholeinpeople’sperceptionexperience.Theyfoundthatpeopleperceivedobjectsandscenesasorganizedwholesbeforetheynoticedtheircomponentparts.TheyusedthewordGestalt,whichmeans“organizedshape”or“wholeform”inEnglish,tonametheirschoolofpsychology.Theyarguedthatanobjectwasnotthesumoftheindividualparts.Forexample,anarticleisnotthesumofindividualwordsthatmakeupthearticle.Sopeople’smindshouldbeunderstoodintermsofawhole.
(2)Psychoanalysis(精神分析)
PsychoanalysisistheoryofthemindputforwardbySigmundFreud.Freudfoundthatmanyofhispatients’mentalproblemswerecausedbysomedisturbingeventsintheirearlychildhood.Butthepatientscouldnotrememberthesedisturbingevents.ThepartofthemindwhichisoutofthereachofconsciousnesswascalledbyFreudthesubconsciousmind,whichwasthemostimportantconceptinpsychoanalysis.Freuddividedthemindintoconsciousandunconsciousmindandhewasthefirsttostudyunconsciousmind.Freudbelievedthecontentsoftheunconsciousmindconsistofburiedmemoriesandinstinctivewishesandwillinfluencetheactivitiesoftheconsciousmind.ThebasicapproachofFreudwastoanalyzetheirrationalbehaviorofthepatients,includingtheirdreamsandslipsofthetongue.
(3)Behaviourism(行为主义)
ThebehavioristtheoryoflanguagelearningwasinitiatedbybehavioralpsychologistSkinner,whoappliedWatsonandRaynor'stheoryofconditioningtothewayhumansacquirelanguage(Harmer,1983).Basedontheirexperiments,WatsonandRaynorformulatedastimulus-responsetheoryofpsychology.Inthistheoryallcomplexformsofbehavior-motions,habits,andsuch-areseenascomposedofsimplemuscularandglandularelementsthatcanbeobservedandmeasured.Theyclaimedthatemotionalreactionsarelearnedinmuchthesamewayasotherskills.Thekeypointofthetheoryofconditioningisthat“youcantrainananimaltodoanything(withinreason)ifyoufollowacertainprocedurewhichhasthreemajorstages,stimulus,response,andreinforcement”(Harmer,1983:
30).
Basedonthetheoryofconditioning,Skinnersuggestedthatlanguageisalsoaformofbehavior.Itcanbelearnedthesamewayasananimalistrainedtorespondtostimuli.Thistheoryoflearningisreferredtoasbehaviorism,whichwasadoptedforsometimebythelanguageteachingprofession,particularlyintheU.S.Oneinfluentialresultistheaudio-lingualmethod,whichinvolvesendless'listenandrepeat'drillingactivities.Theideaofthismethodisthatlanguageislearnedbyconstantrepetitionandthereinforcementoftheteacher.Mistakeswereimmediatelycorrected,andcorrectutteranceswereimmediatelypraised.Thismethodisstillusedinmanypartsoftheworldtoday.
(4)Cognitivepsychology(认知心理学)
Thetermcognitionmeansknowledgeand“cognitivepsychology”canbedefinedasthestudyofpeople’sabilitytoacquire,organize,rememberanduseknowledgetoguidetheirbehaviour.Themostimportantfactorthathasmadecognitivepsychologythedominantapproachisthedevelopmentofthecomputertechnology.Thebrainworksinasimilarwaytoprocessitandsendsitoutasbehaviouractions.
TheAmericanlinguistNoamChomskygreatlyinfluencedcognitivepsychology.InhisbookSyntaxStructure(1957)Chomskyarguedthat
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