国培班教学讲义English Writing.docx

国培班教学讲义English Writing.docx

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国培班教学讲义EnglishWriting

Chapter1CommonErrors

Unit1Run-onSentences

Arun-onsentenceincorrectlyrunstogethertwoindependentclauseswithoutaconjunctionorpunctuation.Thiskindoferrorwillconfusethereader,whowillnotbeabletotellwhereonethoughtstopsandthenextbegins.Somerun-onsentenceshavenopunctuationatalltomarkthebreakbetweenthethoughts:

Ritadecidedtostopsmokingshedidn'twanttodieoflungcancer.

Theexamwaspostponedtheclasswascanceledaswell.

ItooklotsofvitaminChoweverIstillcamedownwiththeflu.

Inotherrun-onsentences,alsoknownascommasplices,acommaisplacedbetweenthetwocompletethoughts.Butthecommaaloneisnotenoughtojointwocompletethoughts:

Ritadecidedtostopsmoking,shedidn'twanttodieoflungcancer.

Theexamwaspostponed,theclasswascanceledaswell.

ItooklotsofvitaminC,however,Istillcamedownwiththeflu.

Therearethreecommonwaysofcorrectingrun-onsentences:

1.Useaperiodandacapitallettertomarkthebreakbetweenthethoughts:

Ritadecidedtostopsmoking.Shedidn'twanttodieoflungcancer.

Theexamwaspostponed.Theclasswascanceledaswell.

ItooklotsofvitaminC.However,Istillcamedownwiththeflu.

2.Useacommaplusajoiningword（and,but,for,or,nor,so,yet）toconnectthetwocompletethoughts:

Ritadecidedtostopsmoking,forshedidn'twanttodieoflungcancer.

Theexamwaspostponed,andtheclasswascanceledaswell.

ItooklotsofvitaminC,hutIstillcamedownwiththeflu.

3.Useasemicolon（;）toconnectthetwocompletethoughts:

Ritadecidedtostopsmoking;shedidn'twanttodieoflungcancer.

Theexamwaspostponed;theclasswascanceledaswell.

ItooklotsofvitaminC;however,Istillcamedownwiththeflu.

HowtoAvoidRun-onSentences

1.Periodandacapitalletter

Onewayofcorrectingarun-onsentenceistouseaperiodandacapitalletteratthebreakbetweenthetwocompletethoughts.Usethismethodespeciallyifthethoughtsarenotcloselyrelatedorifanothermethodwouldmakethesentencetoolong.

Task1

Locatethesplitineachofthefollowingsentences.Readingeachsentencealoudwillhelpyou“hear”whereamajorbreakorsplitinthethoughtoccurs.Atsuchapoint,yourvoicewillprobablydropandpause.

Correcttherun-onsentencebyputtingaperiodattheendofthefirstthoughtandacapitalletteratthestartofthenextthought.

Example:

BadMarthaGrenchershuffledaroundtheapartmentinherslippersherhusbandcouldn'tstandtheirslappingsoundonthefloor.

BetterMarthaGrenchershuffledaroundtheapartmentinherslippers.Herhusbandcouldn'tstandtheirslappingsoundonthefloor.

1.Nooneswaminthelakethatsummeralittleboyhaddroppedhispetintothewater.

2.Thewindowshadesnappeduplikeagunshothercatleapedfourfeetoffthefloor.

3.Ialwayshavebadluckwithcottonjeanstheyshrinksomuchtheyenduparoundmyankles.

4.Theheatwasupto80intheapartmenttheairwassodrythatherskinfeltparched.

5.Loladidn'tgetintothebarthebouncerrefusedeventolookatherfakeI.D.

6.Allthechocolatecandieshadapurplishtingeasaresult,shewasafraidtoeatany.

7.FruitflieshoveredaroundthekitchensinktheonlywayClydecouldkillthemwasbyslappingthembetweenhispalmsinmidair.

2.Commaandajoiningword

Anotherwayofcorrectingarun-onsentenceistouseacommaplusajoiningwordtoconnectthetwocompletethoughts.Joiningwords（alsocalledconjunctions）includeand,hut,for,or,nor,so,andyet.Hereiswhatthefourmostcommonjoiningwordsmean:

and:

inadditionto,alongwith

Hisfeethurtfromthelonghike,andhisstomachwasgrowling.

（"And"meansin"addition":

Hisfeethurtfromthelonghike;inaddition,hisstomachwasgrowling.）

but:

however,except,ontheotherhand,justtheopposite

IrememberedtogettheKleenex,hutIforgottogetthepapertowels.

（“But”means“however”:

IrememberedtogettheKleenex;however,Iforgottogetthepapertowels.）

for:

because,thereasonwhy,thecauseforsomething

Shewasafraidshewouldnotdowellinthecourse,forshehadalwayshadbadlurkwith

Englishbefore.

（“Formeansbecauseorthereasonwhy”:

Shewasafraidshewouldnotdowellinthecourse;thereasonwhywasthatshehadalwayshadbadluckwithEnglishbefore.）Ifyouarenotcomfortableusingfor,youmaywanttousebecauseinsteadofforintheactivitiesthatfollow.Ifyoudousebecause,omitthecommabeforeit.

so:

asaresult,therefore

Thewindshieldwiperwasbroken,soshewasintroublewhentherainstarted

（“So”means“asaresult”:

Thewindshieldwiperwasbroken;asaresult,shewasintroublewhentheramstarted.）

Task1

Insertajoiningword（and.but,for,so）thatlogicallyconnectsthetwothoughtsineachsentence.

1.Alotofmentodaygettheirhairstyled,_______theyuseperfumeandothercosmeticsaswell.

2.Clydeaskedhiswifeifshehadanybandages,_______hewasdressedsosharplyhewasliabletocuthimselftodeath.

3.IflunkedBiologyIandIntroductiontoBusiness______ImanagedCsinSociologyandGeneralMath.

4.Shehadtroubledoingherhomework,_____hersonwassickandkeptdistractingher.

5.Hefailedthevisionpartofhisdriver'stest,_______hedidnotgethisdriver’slicensethatday.

Task2

Addacompleteandcloselyrelatedthoughttogowitheachofthefollowingsentences.Useacommaplusthejoiningwordwhenyouwritethesecondthought.

Example:

Lolaspentthedaywalkingbarefoot,____________（for}

Lolaspenttheday-walkingbarefoot,fortheheelofoneofhershoescameoff.

1.Shewantedtogototheparty____________（but）

2.Tonywashedhiscarinthemorning____________（and）

3.Thedaywasdarkandraining____________（so）

4.I'mnotgoingtoeatintheschoolcafeteriaanymore____（for）

5.1askedmybrothertogetoffthetelephone___________（but）

3.Semicolon

Athirdmethodofcorrectingarun-onsentenceistouseasemicolon（;）tomarkthebreakbetweentwothoughts.Thesemicolonsignalsmoreofapausethanacommaalonebutnotquitethefullpauseofaperiod.

Herearesomeearliersentencesthatwereconnectedwithacommaplusajoiningword.Noticethatasemicolon,unlikethecommaalone,canbeusedtoconnectthetwocompletethoughtsineachsentence:

Alotofmentodaygettheirhairstyled;theyuseperfumeandothercosmetics,too.

Shehadtroubledamp,herhomework;hersun-wassickandkeptdistractingher.

Iwasamadmaninmyyouth;Iwoulddoanythingonadare.

Task1

Insertasemicolonwherethebreakoccursbetweenthetwocompletethoughtsineachofthefollowingsentences:

Example:

Shehadawigonit/cokedmorelikeahatthanawig.

Shehadawigon;itlookedmorelikeahatthanawig.

1.Itrainedallweekpartsofthehighwaywereflooded.

2.Tonynevergoestoacertaingasstationanymorehefoundoutthattheservicemanageroverchargedhimforavalvejob.

3.IspentthreemonthslookingforanapartmentIcouldnotfindanythingdecentforunder$200amonth.

4.Aredheadedwoodpeckertappedatthetrunkofthecherrytreeacatobservedfromadistance.

Unit2FragmentarySentences

Everysentencemusthaveasubjectandaverbandmustexpressacompletethought.Awordgroupthatlacksasubjectoraverbandthatdoesnotexpressacompletethoughtisafragment.Thefollowingarethemostcommontypesoffragmentspeoplewrite:

Dependent-wordfragments

~ingandtofragments

Added-detailfragments

Missing-subjectfragments

1.dependent-wordfragments

Somewordgroupsthatbeginwithadependentwordarefragments.Hereisalistofcommondependentwords:

after,unless,even（eventhough,evenif）,since,before,when（whenever）,because,if,who（whoever）,while,as,（asif）which（whichever）,although,though,sothat,where（wherever）,until,that

Wheneveryoustartasentencewithoneofthesewords,youmustbecarefulsothatafragmentdoesnotresult.Thewordgroupbeginningwiththedependentwordafterintheselectionbelowisafragment.

After1arrivedinChicagobybus..Icheckedintoaroom.ThenIwenttoadinertogetsomethingtoeat.

Adependentstatement—onestartingwithadependentwordlikeafter—cannotstandalone.Itdependsonanotherstatementtocompletethethought.“AfterIarrivedinChicagobybus”isadependentstatement.Itleavesushanging.WeexpectinthesamesentencetofindoutwhathappenedafterthewriterarrivedinChicago.Whenawriterdoesnotfollowthroughandcompleteathought,afragmentresults.Tocorrectthefragment,simplyfollowthroughandcompletethethought:

AfterIarrivedinChicagobybus,Icheckedintoaroom.

Remember,then,thatdependentstatementsbythemselvesarefragments.Theymustbeattachedtoastatementthatmakessensestandingalone.Herearetwootherselectionswithdependent-wordfragments:

Briansatnervouslyinthedentalclinic.While-waitingtohavehiswisdomtoothpulled.

Mydaughterlikestomakepaperboats.Whichshefloatsinthetubduringhernightlybath.

“Whilewaitingtohavehiswisdomtoothpulled”isafragment;itdoesnotmakesensestandingbyitself.WewanttoknowinthesamestatementwhatBriandidwhilewaitingtohavehistoothpulled.Thewritermustcompletethethought.Likewise,“Whichshefloatsduringhernightlybath”isnotinitselfacompletethought.Wewanttoknowinthesamestatementwhatwhichrefersto.

HowtoCorrectaDependent-WordFragment

Inmostcasesyoucancorrectadependent-wordfragmentbyattachingittothesentencethatcomesbeforeorafterit:

AfterIarrivedinChicagobybus,Ichecked