A Discussion on Nonverbal Language in Intercultural Communication.docx
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A Discussion on Nonverbal Language in Intercultural Communication.docx
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ADiscussiononNonverbalLanguageinInterculturalCommunication
ADiscussiononNonverbalLanguageinInterculturalCommunication
StudentNameGuoYuming
StudentNumber0869020246
GuidanceTeacherMaLianjun
April2012
Contents
Introduction3
TheoryofNonverbalCommunication4
TypesofNonverbalLanguage5
ⅠFacialExpression5
ⅡProxemics7
ⅢTime9
Summary10
Reference12
ADiscussiononNonverbalLanguageinInterculturalCommunication
Abstract
Interculturalcommunicationisascienceofstudyinghowpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicate,insimilaranddifferentwaysamongthemselves,andhowtodealthedifferencesbetweenthewaysofcommunication.Ontheotherhand,dealswiththeprocessionofcommunicationthroughsendingandreceivingwordlessmessagesbetweenpeople.Itisnaturalthatthesamenonverballanguageconveysdifferentmeaningstodifferentpeoplefromthesamebackground,letalonethedifferentcultures.Forbettercommunication,itisnecessarytounderstandthenonverballanguageoftheothers,especiallyinthefieldofinternationalbusinessnegotiation.Thereareagreatmanynonverballanguageswhichconcealinourdailylife,suchasfacialexpression,promexics,andconceptsoftime,allofwhichplayanimportantroleinourcommunication.Weneedtostudythemandputthemintouseinordertoachievetheaimofconversation.
Keywordsnonverballanguageinterculturalcommunicationculturaldifference
浅谈跨文化交流中的非语言信息
摘要全球化的进程使得世界各国居民开始接触外国文化,国际交往日益频繁,尤其在国际贸易领域。
与之而来的是日益严峻的全球化问题,这些问题的解决都需要世界各国人民共同集思广益,互帮互助。
跨文化交流这门学科因此越来越受到重视,而在交流过程中,大部分信息的表达与传递是通过非语言的形式完成。
不同文化背景的人对同一形式的信息会产生不同的理解。
本文旨在介绍日常交流中重要的几种非语言交流方式以及其在不同文化中所隐含的意义,以提高人们对非语言表达方式的重视。
关键词非语言表达跨文化交际文化差异
Introduction
Theglobalizationisbecomingoneofthemostsignificanttrendsofthe21stcentury,makingtheglobalcommunityasmallerandsmallervillage.Thedevelopmentofglobalizationhasgreatlyincreasedtheamountofinternationalcommunication,especiallyintheareaofbusiness.Asaresult,effectiveinterculturalcommunicationhasbecomeanimportantfactortoassuresuccessinbusinessactivities.Therefore,itisessentialtomasterinterculturalcommunicationskills,amongwhichnonverbalskillsrankhigherthanverbalones.Itrevealedthatthemajorityoftheunderstandingorconveyingofamessageisinterpretedbynonverbalmeans,whilelessthanabout40percentisconveyedbywords.Justasweareunconsciousofbreathing,weareunconsciousofusingnonverbalsignalsmostofthetime.Whentheotherpersonorgroupisabsorbingthemessagetheyarefocusedontheentireenvironmentaroundthem,meaning,theotherpersonusesallfivesensesintheinteraction.Sightmakesup83%oftheimpactonthebrainofinformationfromthesensesduringavisualpresentation.Tastemakesup1%,Hearingmakesup11%,smell3%andtouch2%.Andpsychologisthowthatwearemoreintendedtochoosebelievenonverbalmessagesbecausemostofournonverbalbehaviors,whichtrulyreflectaperson’sinnerstates,arecontrolledsubconsciously.
TheoryofNonverbalCommunication
Nonverbalcommunicationisusuallyunderstoodastheprocessofcommunicationthroughsendingandreceivingwordless(mostlyvisual)massagesbetweenpeople.Justthesameastheverbalcommunication,nonverbalcommunicationiscloselyrelatedtoculture.Thesystemofnonverbalsignalsvaryfromculturetoculture,andquiteoftenthesamesignalpossessesacompletedifferentorevenoppositemeaning.
Therefore,ininternationalcommunications,nonverbalsignalsareeasilytobemisunderstood,whichmayleadtofailuretobusinessactivities.Seeingthis,particularattentionsallovertheworldshouldbepaidtostudythesenonverbalsignals,andmanyresearchgroupsfromvariouscountrieshavemadetremendousbreakthroughandstillcontinuepushforwardthefrontiersofthisfield.ManypeoplemaythinkCharlesDarwinasthefirstpersonintheworldtostudytheoriginalityofcreature,buthisbookTheExpressionoftheEmotionsinManandAnimalswasalsothefirstthescientificbooktothestudyofnonverbalcommunication.Hisargumentisthatallmammalsreliablyshowtheiremotionsontheirfaces.Studiesofnonverbalcommunicationnowrangeacrossanumberoffields,including,linguistics,semioticsandsocialpsychology.AnotherlargeinfluenceinnonverbalcommunicationwasBirdwhistell.“AnthropologistRayBirdwhistellpioneeredtheoriginalstudyofnonverbalcommunication—whathecalled‘kinesics.’Heestimatedthattheaveragepersonactuallyspeakswordsforatotalofabouttenorelevenminutesadayandthattheaveragesentencetakesonlyabout2.5seconds.Birdwhistellalsoestimatedwecanmakeandrecognizearound250,000facialexpressions.
TypesofNonverbalLanguage
Accordingtowhatarestatedabove,thereareagreatnumberofbehaviorstobeunderstoodasnonverballanguage,whichinfactpresentineverywaywedress,talkandthinkalmostentirelysubconsciously.Theyconcealedinoureverydaydressingstyles,inthewaywetalktootherpeople,inoureverymovement.Behaviorscommunications,orasIputit,nonverbalbehaviors,isapsychologicalconstructthataddressespeople’suseofday-to-daybehaviorsasaformofcommunication.Specifically,itreferstopeople’stendencytoexpressfeelings,needs,andthoughtsbymeansofindirectmessagesandbehavioralimpacts.HerearethreekindsofbehaviorscommunicationsIwanttodiscussinthefollowingpassage,havingtodowithfacialexpressions,proximicsandattitudesoftime..
ⅠFacialExpression
Tobeginwith,humanbeingshavethemostabundanceoffacialexpressionsonthisplanet,andnearlyeveryemotioncanbematchedwithacertainfacialexpression.Theyareprimarymeansofconveyingsocialinformationamonghumans,butalsooccurinmostothermammalsandsomeotheranimalspecies.Becauseofthelimitednumberofmusclesinourface,ourfaceexpressionsarelimitedtofixedrangeofmovement,relyingonminusculedifferencesintheproportionandrelativepositionoffacialfeatures.Oneofthemostfacialexpressionsthatwespeakofmostandwelikemostissmile.Indeed,smileisuniversal.Itisthepleasureflashonhuman’sface.Anactionofsmilemakesonefeelsphysiologicallyhappyanditisalwaysfascinating.Asmilecanactivateandspreadtothepeoplearound.However,theoccasion,theamountandeventheimplicationsofsmilingarelargelyculturallyrelated.Someonewhodoesnotknowrelevantculturalknowledgeonsomeoccasionswouldnotpleasebutirritateothersbysmiling.Forinstance,SouthKoreansconsidertoomuchsmilingassuperficial.Hence,theyoftenlookseriousanddonotsmileasoftenastheAmericansdo.TheoppositethinghappensjustinThailand.Itisfamousofsmiling,andgetsthenickname“LandofSmiles”,whichisaparentimplicationthattheThaissmilealotindailylife,aswellasinworkingoccasions.TheChinese,moreintroversiveandmorestressful,aretaughttocontroltheiremotionssincetheyareyoung.SmilingwithoutshowingteethisregardedpoliteinChineseculture.Insomeoccasionsofstimulatingstrongemotions,itisacceptabletosmileorlaugh,butnottofrownorcry.Accordingly,theysmilenotonlywhentheyarehappyoramused,butalsotoshowtheyareuninterestedortohidetheirembarrassment,sadness,orevenanger.Celebritiesinpublicsituationsfacinginsultalwayssmiletoshowtheirgenerosityandpoliteness.Andtheyarealwaysregardedasbeinggracefulbydoingso.ForChinese,smilinghelpsmaintainharmony,whichisofparamountvalueinChineseculture.SmilingtoalleviatetensioninnegotiationisadvocatedinChineseaswellinJapan,butitisnotthesameinAmerica.SuchbehaviorwouldirritateAmericansandevenconveytothemthatyouadmitfailure,becausetheAmericansbelievethatnoonecanmaintainamildandsmoothmoodinargumentorconflictsothesmileispretended.Anotherfacialexpressionwhichweusequiteofteniseyecontact.Eyecontactisameetingoftheeyesbetweentwoindividuals.Suchasimplebehaviorasthisisthoughttohavealargeinfluenceonsocialbehaviorandcustomsandsignificanceofwhichvarywidelybetweencultures,withreligiousandsocialdifferencesoftenalteringitsmeaninggreatly.IntheIslamicfaith,Muslimsoftenlowertheirgazeandtrynottofocusontheoppositesex’sfacesandeyesaftertheinitialfirsteyecontact,otherthantheirlegitimatepartnersorfamilymembers,inordertoavoidpotentialunwanteddesires.Lustfulglancestothoseoftheoppositesex,youngoradult,arealsoprohibited.Thismeansthateyecontactbetweenanymanandwomanisallowedonlyforasecondortwo.Japanesechildrenaretaughtinschooltodirecttheirgazeattheregionoftheirteacher’sAdam’sappleortieknot.Asadults,Japaneselowertheireyeswhenspeakingtoasuperiorasagestureofrespect.Inmanycultures,suchasEastAsiaandNigeria,itisrespectfulnottolookthedominantpersonintheeye,butinWesternculturethiscanbeinterpretedasbeing“shifty-eyed”,andthepersonjudgedbadlybecause“hewouldn’tlookmeintheeye”;referencessuchas“shifty-eyed”canrefertosuspicionsregardinganindividual’sunrevealedintentionsorthoughts.Nevertheless,theseekingofconstantunbrokeneyecontactbytheotherparticipantinaconversationcanoftenbeconsideredoverbearingordistractingbymanyeveninwesterncultures,possiblyonaninstinctiveorsubconsciouslevel.
ⅡProxemics
Whilefacialexpressionismoreorlessuniversaltosomeextendbecauseallhumanshareacommongeneticfeatureandourbiologicalfoundationsarethesame,proximicsisfarlessbiologicallyboundandismorecultu
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