达比.docx
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达比.docx
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达比
H.C.Darby.
HenryCliffordDarby(SirCliffordinhislateryears)wasBritain'smostwellknownhistoricalgeographer.BorninWalesin1909,theyoungDarbywentuptoCambridgeattheageofsixteen,andwasinformed,evenbeforehisgraduationwithaB.A.(Bachelor'sdegree)in1928,thatanappointmentintheDepartmentofGeographyawaitedhim.ThreeyearslaterwithPh.D.inhand,atthe(nowastonishinglytender)ageoftwenty-twohewasappointedLecturerinGeographyintheUniversityofCambridge,andayearlaterhewaselectedtotheEhrmanFellowshipinKing'sCollege,wherehelaterbecameanOfficialFellow.AfterwartimeservicewiththeNavalIntelligenceDivisionoftheBritishAdmiralty,heleftCambridgefortheJohnRankinChairofGeographyintheUniversityofLiverpool,relocatedtoUniversityCollege,Londonin1949,andreturnedtoCambridgeasChairofGeographyin1966.Heretiredfromtheuniversityin1976,wasknightedin1988,anddiedin1992.
DarbyisprobablybestknownamongthoseinterestedinmedievalEnglandforhisleadershipofthemassiveDomesdayproject--acarefulreconstructionofthegeographyofEnglandlateintheeleventhcentury,thatstretchedtosevenenormousvolumespublishedbetween1952and1977--andbyothersforhistwovolumesonTheDrainingoftheFens(1940)andhiseditedworksonthehistoricalgeographyofEngland(1936and1973).Moreover,Darbyisalsofamiliartoasmall(anddiminishing)groupofhistoricalgeographersintheEnglishspeakingworldforhisconcernovertherelationsbetweenGeographyandHistory(markedmostobviously,untilthereleaseofthisvolume,byapaper,"Ontherelationsofgeographyandhistory,"publishedintheTransactionsandPapersin1953).
Thisbookisfocused--asthedistortedechoofitstitlereflects--upontheselatterconcerns.Atitscoreareadozenchapters,arrangedasthreesetsoffouressays.Eachsetofessaysfocusesonadifferentgeographicalrealm(England,France,andAmerica),andthethrice-repeatedtitlesoftheessaysineachofthesesetsarederived(atleastapproximately)fromthe1953paper.Theyare,fortherecord,"TheGeographybehindHistory,""PastGeographies,""TheHistorybehindGeography,"and"TheHistoricalElementinGeography."ThesechaptersarethetextsoflecturesthatDarbydeliveredinaUniversityofLondonseminarbetween1954and1966,andsubsequentlytostudentsinathird-yearcourseatCambridge(1966-76).Theyare,essentially,amplificationsofhis1953paper,writteninthe1950sandearly1960s,andtheyreferonlytoworkspublishedbefore1967.
Accordingtotheeditorsofthisvolume,itislikelythatDarbyintendedtopublishtheselecturesasabook.Hedidnot,andtheywereforgottenuntilthey"cametolightamonghispapersafterhisdeath."Almostadecadelater,andafullquartercenturyaftertheywerelastdelivered,these"lectures"arenowinprintforthefirsttime.Theyareintroducedbyanessayon"CliffordDarbyandtheMethodologyofHistoricalGeography,"writtenbyTerryCoppock(nowdeceased)incollaborationwiththeothereditorsofthevolume(MichaelWilliams,HughClout,andHughPrince),allseniorBritishacademicswhowerecloselyassociatedwithDarby.Further,eachsetoffourchaptersisfollowedbyshort"explanatoryandcontextualcommentary"on"H.C.DarbyandtheHistoricalGeographyof...,"inwhichPrincedealswithEngland,CloutwithFrance,andWilliamswithAmerica.AllofthisissetaroundwithasmallcollectionofphotographsofDarbythroughtheyears,alistofhispublishedworks,andashortepilogue,entitled"CritiqueandEvaluation,"writtenbyMichaelWilliams.
Answerstosomeofthesequestionsseemclear,butnoneareeasy.Astheeditorsacknowledgemorethanonce,timeshavechangedsinceDarbydeliveredtheselecturesin(whatonepresumeswas)hismeasured,polishedmanner.Formerstudentsandassociatesof"themethodologicalmaster"(includingtheeditorsofthisvolume)havethemselvesbecomeprominent.HistoricalgeographyhaschangedalmostbeyondrecognitionfromDarby'sday,whichMichaelWilliams,perhapsinadvertently,describesasits"zenith"(p.210).Indeed,Darbyhimself,writingintheearly1980s,recognizedthattheintellectualdiscourseofhisheydayhadmovedon,andthat"geographywouldneverbethesameagain."Allofthismeansthatthecoreconcernsofthisbook(expressedinDarby'slectures)aredated;thatthosechosentoreflectuponandevaluatethem(betweenthesecovers)arethemselvesofagenerationmoreattuned(使协调)tothepastofDarby'scareerthantotheconcernsofthepresentintowhichtheywrite;andthat"TheRelationsofGeographyandHistory"appearsthusasafootnotetoalargelyforgottenera(oraminorexerciseinhagiography),ratherthanasavital,exciting,challengingcontributiontodebateoverthefutureofGeography.
TogiveDarbyhisdue,oneneedstoappreciatetheuncertaintiesandboundary-ridingpropensitiesofmostgeographersinthesecondquarterofthetwentiethcentury.Hauntedbytheexcessesof"environmentaldeterminism"anddrivenbyadesiretofindfirmanddistinctivegroundforGeographytocallitsown,manyofthediscipline'sgatekeepersandpractitionerswrestledwiththe"ButisthisGeography?
"questionduringtheseyears.Byandlarge,theirtouchstoneoflegitimacyaffirmedarea(anditsdifferentiation)astheirdiscipline'sdomain.Reducedtoitsessence,thispositiongavetimetoHistoryandclaimedspaceforGeography.Clearlythisposeddifficultiesforthosewhowouldstraddletheboundarybetweenthesesupposedlydistinctfieldstoexplore,forexample,thewaysinwhichhumanusesofspaceorterritoryhadchangedovertime.SomesuchasDarby,andinNorthAmericaAndrewHillClark,soughttofighttheboundary-ridersontheirownturf,toholdopenanarrowspacefortime(orhistoricalratherthanstrictlycontemporaryinquiry)withinGeography.ThiswongrudgingacceptanceofthenotionthatgeographersmightappropriatelyseektodescribetheGeography(spatialpatternorarealdifferentiation)ofaparticularterritoryatsomespecifichistoricalperiod.Suchcharacterizationsofplacesinpasttimeswereknownas"cross-sections"--theyweregeographiesofformerplaces.Butitisimportanttorecognizethatthiswasnottheonlypossiblestrategy.TheintellectualgiantamongGeographersoftheera,theAmericanCarlOrtwinSauer,metaphoricallysnubbedhisnoseatthestruggletosqueezeanhistoricalsensitivityintothestraitjacketofGeography'sdisciplinaryorthodoxy.Insistentlyaskingwhetherapieceofworkwas"proper"Geography,thoughtSauer,wastheworstformofanti-intellectualism,atypeof"perniciousanemia"thatwouldrobinquiryofitsvitality.
DarbyknewofSauer'swork,andquoteditinhislectures,butrevealinglydrewfromtheearlierpartofSauer'soeuvre,whichfocusedon"thereconstructionofpastculturallandscapes"ratherthanembracingSauer'slatermoreradicalposition.Andthisisrevealing.Timeandagain,incommentingontheworkofothersinthesechapters,itseemstomethatDarbyreportsratherthanengages.Itisnotthatheisuncritical.Incommentingonthestudyof"sequentoccupance"asdevelopedintheUnitedStates,forexample,Darbyplacescross-sectionalandsequentoccupanceapproachesinthesameframeandquotes(p.180)fromDerwentWhittlesey'sprogrammaticstatementaboutthelatter:
"Suchastudyisindubitablygeographic,andcanbejudgedwithproprietybygeographers,itishistoricalinonlytwosenses:
itemploystechniquesofhistoriographyanditpresentsmaterialofantiquarianinterest.Itomitsthecompellingtimesequenceofrelatedeventswhichisthesparkofhistory."But,Darbyavers,thismaybe"toodoctrinaireastandpoint"atriskoflosingwhatitseeks,explanation:
"Mightnotthe'timesequenceofrelatedevents'providethe'vital'explanationofsomecomplexofgeographicalfacts?
"Sotoo,andelsewhereinhisdiscussionofAmericanworkontheborderlandsofGeographyandHistory,Darbyisledtowonderaboutthevalidityofthe"fundamentaldifference"manyperceivebetweenthetwodisciplines,andtoask"needwemakeanissueofthistheoreticaldistinction?
"Befittingthelecturesthesechaptersoncewere,perhaps,thesearequestionsasked,notanswered--exceptinasensebytheaccumulatedweightofthetwelvelecturesthemselves,whichofcourseturnontheissueofthisdistinction.
Forallhisprowessasanhistoricalscholar,forallhisengagementswiththepast,andforallhisprogrammaticstatementsaboutbringingdown"tariffbarriers"betweenGeographyandHistory,Darbywasaproductofhistime,shapedbymanyofthepreoccupationsofhisfellowgeographers.Whilehesawthevirtuesofconvergenceintheendeavorsofhistoriansandhistoricalgeographers,heremainedconvincedoftheneedtostakeaterritorialclaimforhistoricalgeography.Earlyinhiscareerheidentifiedthehistoricalcross-section("thereconstructionofthegeographicalconditionsofpasttimes")asadistinctiveapproachtohistoricaldataandclungtoitthroughthickandthinforthebetterpartofhalfacentury.Astheselecturesreveal,heknewitswartsandshort-comings,andheappreciatedthatotherscholarshadfoundotherwaysofworkingintheborderlands,butintellectually(andtemperamentally)itseemstome,hewasloathetoabandonhiscommitmenttothedevelopmentofa"self-conscious"anddistinctivehistoricalgeography,andthustoembraceandendorseeitherSauer'sradicalintellectualismorthelaissezfaireattitudesthatproducedwhatDarbyhimselfdescribed,surelypejoratively,as"'theswingingsixties'ofacademiclife"(p.204).Thisexplainshisfirmfocus,throug
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