山东大学考博英语部分试题.docx
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山东大学考博英语部分试题.docx
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山东大学考博英语部分试题
完形填空划线的是选项
Howmanydifferentkindsofemotionsdoyoufeel?
Youmaybe
(1)tofindthatitisveryhardtospecifyallofthem.Notonly
(2)hardtodescribeinwords,theyaredifficultto(3).Asaresult,twopeoplerarely(4)allofthem.However,thereareanumberof(5)emotionsthatmostpeopleexperience.
Whenwereceivesomethingthatwewant,orsomethinghappens(6)welike,weusuallyfeeljoyorhappiness.Joyisapositiveandpowerfulemotion,(7)forwhichweallstrive.Itisnaturaltowanttobehappy,andallofus(8)happiness.Asageneral(9),joyoccurswhenwereacha(10)goalorobtainadesiredobject.
(11)peopleoftendesiredifferentgoalsandobjects,itis(12)thatonepersonmayfindjoyinrepairinganautomobile,(13)anothermayfindjoyinsolvingamathproblem.Ofcourse,weoftenshare(14)goalsorinterests,andthereforewecanexperiencejoytogether.Thismaybeinsports,inthearts,inlearning,inraisingafamily,orin(15)beingtogether.
Whenwehavedifficulty(16)desiredobjectsorreachingdesiredgoalsweexperience(17)emotionssuchasangerandgrief.Whenlittlethingsgetinourway,weexperience(18)frustrationsortensions.Forexample,ifyouaredressingtogoout(19)adate,youmayfeelfrustrationwhenazipperbreaksorabuttonfallsoff.Themoredifficultyyouhaveisreachingagoal,themorefrustratedyoumayfeelandthemoreangryyoumaybecome.Ifyoureallywantsomethingtohappen,andyoufeelit(20)happen,butsomeoneorsomethingstopsit,youmaybecomequiteangry.
1.A.shockedB.astoundedC.surprisedD.bewildered
2.A.emotionalfeelingsareB.areemotionalfeelings
C.theemotionalfeelingisD.istheemotionalfeeling
3.A.listB.recognizeC.arrangeD.understand
4.A.agreeB.agreeonC.agreewithD.agreeto
5.A.necessaryB.vitalC.essentialD.basic
6.A.ifB.whatC.thatD.when
7.A.oneB.theoneC.veryoneD.onlyone
8.A.searchtoB.searchofC.searchD.searchfor
9.A.practiceB.ruleC.lawD.sense
10.A.desiredB.desirousC.prospectiveD.fascinated
11.A.ForB.WhenC.SinceD.Being
12.A.understandingB.tounderstandC.understoodD.understandable
13.A.howeverB.ifC.whileD.eventhough
14.A.sameB.commonC.similarD.different
15.A.justB.onlyC.rightD.even
16.A.ofobtainingB.inobtainingC.withobtainingD.forobtaining
17.A.badB.unpleasantC.uneasyD.negative
18.A.smallB.littleC.insignificantD.minor
19A.onB.inC.forD.to
20.A.willB.shallC.shouldD.would
阅读理解
1.
Feministsociolinguists(社会语言学家),overthecourseofthelastfewdecades,haveconductedstudiesthattheybelievesupporttheconclusionthatwomenareroutinelydiscriminatedagainstinEndlish-speakingsociety.Theypointtothewordsusedtodescribewomen,aswellasthewordsusedtodescribesocietyasawhole,asindicationsthattheEnglishlanguage,andthereforetheEnglish-speakingculture,isslantedtowardstheadvantageofmales.
ThewordsusedtodescribewomenareusedasinstrumentbyfeministsociolinguiststodenoteaninherentsexismintheEnglishlanguage.Wordpairssuchasmasterandmistressandsirandmadam,theyclaim,epitomizesuchsexism.Allofthewordsinquestiononceheldpositiveconnotationsbut,whilethemasculine(男性的)formshaveretainedtheirrespectableassociations,thefeminineformshaveundergonepejorationandnowimplysexualpromiscuity(混杂)andothernegativecharacteristics.FeministresearchersassumethatsuchpejorationindicatethatthestatusofwomeninEnglish-speakingsocietyisrelativelylow.
Theseresearchersalsofindfaultwiththeuseofmasculinewordstodescribeunisexentities.Forexample,theyfeelthatthereisnothinginherentlymainlyaboutmankind,thebestmanforthejob,orthecommonman.Similarly,theuseofsuchconstructionsasthe“theaveragestudentsisworriedabouthisgrades”indicatetotheseresearchersaninherentsexisminEnglishthatisreflectiveoftheculturesinwhichtheyareproduced.
CarolynJacobson,authorofNon-sexistLanguagehasproposedasolutiontothisconundrum(难题).Sheadvocatestheeliminationofallsexedwordsinfavorofgender-neutralterms.Nolongershouldwerefertoactorsandactressesorwaitersandwaitresses,assuchdichotomies(男女有别)allowforthepossibilityofnegativeconnotationsbeingassociatedwiththefemininedesignation.Likewise,shebelievesthatphrasessuchasmankindshouldgivewaytohumankindandthattheuseofthemasculinepronounasthedefaultshouldbeabandonedinfavorofneutralconstructions.Thus,whensexismiseliminatedfromtheEnglishlanguage,theculturewillbemoreamenabletohedeliveranceofwomenaswell.
1.Theprimarypurposeofthispassageisto——
Acompareandcontrastideologyinvariouscultures
Bproveacommonlyheldbelieftobewrong
Cdescribeaproblemandapossiblesolution
Danalyzethehistoricaloriginsofamodernsituation
2Accordingtothepassage,gender-neutralconstructionsshouldbeadvocatedbecause——
AtheeliminationofsexismintheEnglishlanguagewillprecedetheeliminationofsexismintheculture
Btheyaremoregrammaticallysoundthansexedstructures
Cunisextermsarelessawkwardincasualspeech
Dsex-specifictermsalwayscarrynegativeconnotations
3Theauthorreferstomankind,thebestmanforthejob,andthecommonmaninorderto——
AdemonstratethesuperiorityofmalesinEnglish-speakingsociety
Bprovideanexampleofspeechthatisslantedtowardstheadvantageofmales
Clistthecharacteristicsofthefeministsocialinguistmovement
DdiscountthenotionthattheEnglishlanguagediscriminatesagainstwomen
4Theword“perjoration”mostprobablymeans——
Anegativeconnotation
Bpositiveconnotation
Csexualcharacteristic
Drespectablecharacteristic
5Infavorofgender-neutralterms,whichofthefollowingwordscanbeusedtodescribeunisexentities?
AmankindBchairperson
CsupermanDdragonlady
1.C主旨题。
文章第一、二、三段描述问题,第四段提供解决方案。
2.A推论题。
文章第一段、三段最后一句分别指明了语言文化的联系。
3.B细节理解题。
题目中所举的例子为“anexampleofspeech”。
4.A猜测词义题。
根据该词的下文“…andnowimplysexualpromiscuityandothernegativecharacteristics”可以做出判断。
5.B词义判断题。
该词可不分性别地使用,而其他三词都有明确的性别指向。
2.
Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstronghappenedtothelargeanimals;theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived;thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.
Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceans.Thattheseasarebeingover-fishedhasbeenknownforyearsandresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownhowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdonotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.
AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanesfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethen.
Dr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative(保守的).Onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimproved.Today’svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsago.Thatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincebaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnoise.
Dr.MyersandDr.Wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatesupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline”.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedfromafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.
【小题1】Theaimoftheextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsistosuggestthat_______.
A.largeanimalwerenoteasytosurviveinthechangingenvironment
B.smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappeared
C.largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.
D.Slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones
【小题2】WecaninferfromDrMyersandDr.Worm’spaperthat_______.
A.thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%
B.thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesaretherewere15yearsago
C.thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamount
D.thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisheriesthanintheold
【小题3】Bysayingthesefiguresareconservative(line1,paragraph3),Drwormmeansthat_______.
A.fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidly
B.thencatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthenrecorded
C.themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterloss
D.thedatecollectedsofarareoutofdate.
【小题4】DrMyersandotherresearc
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