语言学框架.docx
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语言学框架.docx
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语言学框架
Chapter1Introduction
1.1Whatislinguistics?
1.1.1Definition
★LinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyofIanguage.
1.1.2Thescopeoflinguistics语言学范畴
Phonetics语音学/Phonology音系学/Morphology形态学/Syntax句法学/Semantics语义学/Pragmatics语用学
Macrolinguistics宏观语言学:
sociolinguistics社会语言学/Psycholinguistics心理语言学/Applied
linguistics应用语言学
1.1.3ImportantdistinetionsinIinguistics语言学中重要区别
1)prescriptivevs.descriptive规定性与描述性
2)synchronicvs.diachronic共时性与历时性Saussure
3)speech&writing口语和书面语
4)langue&parole语言(抽象)和言语(具体)Saussure
5)competence&performanee能力和运用Chomsky
6)traditionalgrammar&modernlinguistics传统语法和现代语言学
★索绪尔一一现代语言学之父
1.2Whatislanguage?
1.2.1DefinitionofIanguage
★Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
1.2.2Designfeaturesoflanguage语言的区别性特征Hockett
(1)Arbitrariness任意性:
符号的音与义之间没有逻辑联系。
比如说,不同的
语言使用不同的音指相同的事物。
⑵Productivity/Creativity创造性:
语言可以被创造。
(3)Duality二重性:
语言在结构上存在两个层次——低层次(音标)和高层次(词素、单词等)。
⑷Displacement移位性:
语言不受语言时空距离的影响。
(5)Culturaltransmission文化传递性:
语言体系具体内容的习得要通过后天
的学习来获得。
1.2.3FunctionofIanguage
(descriptivefunction/expressivefunction/socialfunction)
informative信息功能/interpersonal人际功能/performative施为功能
/emotive感情功能/phaticcommunication寒暄功能/recreational娱乐功能
/metalinguistic元语言功能
Chapter2Phonology音系学
2.1Thephonicmediumoflanguage语言的声音媒介
2.2Phonetics语音学
2.2.1Whatisphonetics?
什么是语音学?
★PhoneticsisdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumofIanguage;
itisconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld'Ianguages.
研究语言的产生
研究语言怎
articulatoryphonetics发音语音学
threepointsofview acousticphonetics 声学语音研究语音的物理 样被感知 属性 2.2.2Ogansofspeech发音器官 rthepharyngealcavity-thethroat咽H空 ‘theoralcavity-themouth口腔 thenasalcavity-thenose鼻腔 2.2.3Roadandnarrowtranscriptions宽式和窄式音标 ★TheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA国际音标)---DanielJones ---1888 2.3Phonology音系学 2.3.1Phonologyandphonetics音系学和语音学 ★PhonologyisthestudyabouthowspeechsoundinaIanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication. ★PhoneticsisthescientificstudyofthephonicmediumofIanguage; phonology 研究抽象的音位类型与规则--- itisconcernedwithdefiningandclassifyingspeechsounds. Differences: [l]inleap&peel 研究具体发音部位与方式---不同 phonetics 2.3.2Phone,phonene,andallophone音素、音位和音位变体 (1)音素: 是语音学研究的单位,是一个个具体的声音。 “]” (2)音位: 是音系学研究的单位,是抽象的概念,每一个音位是一组语音特征 的集合体,音位具有区别意义的作用。 “7” (3)音位变体: 是一个音位在特定的语音环境力的具体体现,同一音位在不同语音环境里体现为不同的变体,也就是语音。 [] 2.3.3Phonemhccontrast,co叩Iementarydistribution,andminimalpair音位对立,互补分布,最小对立体 (1)音位对立: 两个音位出现在相同的语音环境中,且具有区别语义的功能。 例: tip和dip中的/t/和/d/;rope和robe中的/p/和/b/ (2)互补分布: 同一音位不同音位变体之间的关系,且没有区别意义的功能。 例: top中送气的[th]和stop中不送气的[t] (3)最小对立体: 出现在同一位置上的一个音之外其余都相同的两个语音组合。 例: bill和pill(辅音),bet和but(元音) 2.3.4Somerulesinphonology音系学规则 2.3.4.1 Sequentialrules 丿予列规则 三辅音连缀规则: /s/---/p/,/t/,/k/---/l/,/r/,/w/ 2.3.4.2 Assimilationrule 同化规则 2.3.4.3 Deletionrule 省略规则: [g] 2.3.59uprasegmentalfeatures超音段特征 2.3.5.1Stress重读 235.2Tone音调/声调 2.3.5.3Intonation语调 Chapter3M)rphology形态学 3.1Introduction ★Morphologyisconcernedwithwordformationandwordstructure.形态学研究单词的内部结构和构词规则 3.2Openclassandclosedclass (1)Openclasswords开放词类: contentwords实词---nouns,verbs,adjectives... (2)Closedclasswords圭寸闭词类: functionwords虚词---conjunctions, articles... 3.3Morphemes——theminimalunitsofmeaning 词素一一最小的“语义”单位 (reader是一个单词,read和er是两个词素/boys是一个单词,boy和s是两个词素) (1)Freeandboundmorphemes自由词素和黏着词素 1自由词素有完整语义女口: book;helpful中的help 2黏着词素一一词根、词缀 ⑵Allomorphs词素变体 女口: ①a放在辅音前;an放在元音前 ②books,bags,judges中的s三种不同的读音 3.4Analyzingwordstructures rootsandaffixes(prefix,infix,suffix) 3.5Derivationalandinflectionalmorphemes (1)derivationalmorphemes派生词素: 构成新单词如如: -ate,inter-, -ism... ⑵inflectionalmorphemes曲折词素: 改变数、时、格、级如口: -s,-ed, -er,-est... prefix I曲折词素inflectional~ 3.6Morphologicalrulesofwordformation 3.7Derivation派生词 3.8C□叩ounds复合词 3.8.1Definition ★Acompoundwordismadewhentwowordsarejoinedtoformanewword. 3.8.2复合词特征: (1)Orthographically书写特征: inthreeways: solid(airmail);hyphenated(air-conditioning);open(air force,airraid) ⑵Syntactically句法特征: 复合词的词性一般取决于复合词最后一个成分的词性 (3)Semantically语义特征: 复合词的意义具有习语性质,许多复合词的意义都不是其构成成分意义和总和 ⑷Phonetically语音特征: 复合词的单词重音落在第一个构成成分上 Chapter4Syntax句法学 4.1Whatissyntax? ★Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences. 4.2Categories 4.2.1Weird-levelcategories (1)majorlexicalcategories: n.v.a.prep. (2)minorlexicalcategories: determiner(Det限定词)一the,a,this, those... degreewords .(Deg程度词) —quite,so, more... qualifier I(Qual频率词)一 often,always, almost... auxiliary (Aux助动词)一 must,should, can... conjunction (Con连接词)- —and,but,or.. 4.2.2Phrasecategoriesandtheirstructures (1)[NP]theprettygirl/[VP]oftendream/[AP]verypessimistic (2)head中心语;specifier标志语;complement补足语 4.3Phrasestructurerule 5. Complement 3.1XPrule SpecifierX Head (thegirlintheroom) 4.3.2COordinationrule: X►XCon(连词)X 4.4Phraseelements 4.4.1Specifiers标志语 Specifiers Heads Examples determiner N thetree,nowater,thisbook... qualifier V alwaysfail,oftendrink,never leave... degreeword A lessboring,quitegood,very sensitive... P almostin,quiteabove... 4.4.2Complenents补足语 CP Items Heads Examples As Adjectives afraid, aware Iwasafraidthatnobodywouldbelieveme Ns Nouns fact,belief Shecan'tbelievethefactthatshewouldfail. Ps Prepositio ns over,about Theyarguedoverwhethershehadcometoclass. 4.4.3Mbdifiers Modifier Position Example AP precedesthehead averycarefulgirl PP followsthehead openwithcare AdvP precedesorfollowsthehead readcarefully;carefully read 4.5Sentences(TheSRjle) 4.6Transformations 4.6.1Auxiliarymovenent助动词移位 4.6.2Dbinsertion 4.6.3Deepstructureandsurfacestructure(thegenerativeapproach生成学派) (1)深层结构deepstructure指机构关系中的潜在层面underlyinglevel(移位还没有发生的原始形态): Thetrainwillarrive. (2)表层结构surfacestructure指结构形成的最后结果阶段finalstage(移位后的新形态): Willthetrainarrive? (3)结构: TheXPRule DeepStructure Transformation SurfaceStructure 4.6.4WMovement 4.6.5Mhveaandconstraintsontransformation Chapter5Semantics语义学 5.1Whatissemantics ★Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaning. 5.2Someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning 5.2.1Thenanringtheory指称论 (1)Plato (2)ThewordsusedinaIanguagearesimplylabelsoftheobjectsthey standfor.Sowordsarejustnamesorlabelsforthings. (3)Limitations: ①applicabletonounsonly;②抽象名词(ghost,joy, impulse..) 5.2.2Theconceptualistview观念论 (1)OgdenandRichards (2)Thereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefers to. (3)semantictriangle语义三角: Thought/Referenee (能指: 概念) Symbol/Form Referent (词和语素) (所指: 物体) 4.2.3COntextualism语境论 ⑴J.R.Firth,Malinowski,Wittgenstein (2)Meaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context---elementscloselylinkedwithIanguagebehaviour. 6.2.4Behaviorism行为论 (1)Bloomfield,JackandJill (2) 刺激-反应理论 TheStimulus-ResponseTheory(S-R) 5.3Lexicalmeaning词汇意义 5.3.1Senseandreferenee系统意义与指称意义 (1)Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofalinguisticform, thecollectionofallitsfeatures.(抽象;脱离语境) 如: dog (2)Refereneemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physical world;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementand thenon-linguisticworldofexperienee.(具体) 女口: Thedogisbarking. (3)Limitation: eveningstar(启明星)andmorningstar(长庚星)是同一 颗星。 5.3.2Mhjorsenserelations主要的语义关系 5.3.2.1Synonymy同义关系 (1)Dialectalsynonyms-synonymsusedindifferentregionaldialects. 地域同义词 如: 秋天(autumn/fall);公寓(flat/apartment)... ⑵ 如: Stylisticsynonyms-synonymsdifferinginstyle.文体同义词 daddy,dad,father,maleparent,oldman... (3)Synonymsthatdifferintheiremotiveorevaluativemeaning.感情 同义词 如: collaborator/accomplice均指合作者,但前者为“合作伙伴”,后者为 “同谋” (4)Collocationalsynonyms搭配同义词 女口: 指“坏的食物”rottentomatoes,addledeggs,rancidbaconor butter... (5)Semanticallydifferentsynonyms意思非常相近的同义词 女口: amaze/astound 5.322Polysemy多义关系---一词多义 5.323Homonymy---thesameform,butdifferentmeaning同音同形异 义关系 (1)Homophones: night/knight;piece/peace... (2)Homographs: bow-v./n.;tear-v./n.… (3)Completehomonyms: fast-adj./v.;scale-n./v.... 5.3.2.4Hyponymy上下义关系 (1)Superordinate上义 女口: flower,animal... (2)Hyponymy下义 女口: (flower)rose,lily...;(animal)dog,cat... 5.3.2.5Antonymy反义关系 (1)Gradableantonymy分等级的反义关系 女口: cool-warm;hot-cold... (2)Complementaryantonyms互补反义词 女口: dead-alive;male-female... (3)Relationalopposites关系反义词 女口: husband-wife;father-son... 5.4Senserelationsbetweensentences (1)XissynonymouswithY. 如: X: Hewasabachelorallhislife. Y: Henevermarriedallhislife. (2)XisinconsistentwithY. 如: X: Johnismarried. Y: Johnisabachelor. (3)XentailsY.(YisandentailmentofX)衍推 如:
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