全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及参考答案.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及参考答案.docx
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全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及参考答案
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
SectionIUseofEnglish
Dnecclious:
Readthcfollowingtext.Choosethebcslword(s)foreachnumbcredblank.andmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
In1924American'NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineertosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsatatelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawhtorePlantnear
ChicagoIthopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorEgnting__1__workorsproductivityInstead,thestudiesended__2__givingtheirnametothe“Hawhthome
effect”theextremelyinflentlcelldeatheveey__3__tobemgexpenmenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior
Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4__behaviorofthewomenintheplato.Accordmgto__5__ofthecxpetmems.their.houriyoutputrosewhenhghtmgWaS
increased.butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6__whatwasdoneintheexpenment.__7__sometmgwaschanged.produchntyroseA(n)__8__thatthey
werebemgexperimenteduponseemedtobe__9__t0alterworkers'bchamor__10__uself
Afterseveraldecades,thesaliledatawere__11__toeconometrictheanalysisHawthorneexperimentshasanothersurprisestorej2一thedescnpuonsonrecord,no
systematic__13__wasfoundthatlcvclsofproduchxntywererelatedtochangesinlighting
Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingthec~enmentsmaybehaveletto__14__interpretationofwhathapped.__15__,tighringwasalwayschangedon
aSundayWhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output__16__rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17__toriseforthenextcoupleofdays__18__,,
acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexpenmentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentupOnMonday,workers__19__tobeduigentforthefirstfew
daysoftheweekinanycase,before__21__aplateauandthenslackeningoffThissuggeststhatthealleged”Hawthorneeffect“ishardtoptndown
1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]exlracted[D]restored
2[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]Off
3[A]Wuth[B]sight[C]act[D]proof
4.[A]conVoversial[B]perplexing[c]mischieous[D]ambiguous
5.[A]reqtttrents[B]cxplanalions[C]accounts[D]assements
6[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]work
7[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[D]solongas
8.[A]awarerress[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion
9.[A]suitale[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant
10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by
11[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed
12.[A]contraryto[B]consistentwith[C]parallelwith[D]pealliarto
13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source
14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]retiable[D]wasleadmg
15.[A]Incontast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D]Asusual
16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[D]suddenly
17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued
20.[A]breaking[B]chrnbing[C]surpassmg[D]hiting
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text2
Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseengranledforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazoncomreceivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepayment
systernMerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinvenlorpatentedatochniqueforlyingabox
Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalehackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversiale,versincetheywerefirst
authorized10yearsagoInamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.ScourtofAppealsforthefederalctrcuitsalditwoulduseaparticularcasetO
conductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBijskl,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”,saysDermis'DCrouchoftheUniversityofMissoun
Schooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoelinateanentireclassofpatmts”
Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-facebecauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepinhtstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethafactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.
TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevalusteiswetheritshould“reconsider”itsstatestreetBankruling.
TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme.Countthathasnurrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactiontotheanti_patenttrendatthesupremecourt”saysHaroleCwegner,apartendattorneyandprofessorataeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.
26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof
[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness
[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation
[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting
[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization
27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?
[A]Itsrullingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions
[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction
[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit
[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.
28.Theword“about-face”(Line1,Paro3)mostprobablymeans
[A]lossofgoodwill
[B]increaseofhostility
[C]changeofattitude
[D]changeofauiuled
29.Welearnfromthelasttwopamgraphsthatbusiness-meihodPateats
[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges
[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued
[C]lowertheesteemforpateatholders
[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks
30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?
[A]Aloomingthreattobvamess-melhcdpatents
[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders
[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents
[D]Aprevailingtreadagainstbusiness-methodpatents
Text3
InhisbookTheTippingPoinlMalcohnaladuellalouesthatsocialepidemicsaredliveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecial
individuals,oftencalledinfluentialswhoareunusuallinformed,persuasive,orweconnectTheideaisintuitivelycompellingbutitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.
Thesupposedimportanceofinftuentialsderivesfromaplansiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheoryuntestedthelrycalledthe"tow-stepflowofcommunication"Information
llowsfromthemediatotheinftuentialsandfromthentoereryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecameitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindand
influencetheinfluentials,thoseselectpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthemThetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofpeoplewas
wearingpromotingordevelopingwhaterveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattentionAnecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecial
peoplecalldrivetrends
IntheirrecentworkhoweyersomeresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenetallysupposedIn
facttheydon’tseemtoberequiredofall
Theresearchers'argumentstemsfromasimpleobserratingaboutsocialinfluencewiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsizepresenceisprimanrillyafunctionofmedianotinterpersonalinfluence-enenthemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinteractwiththatmanyothersYetitispreciselythesenon-celebringinfluentialswhoaccordingtothetwo-step-flowtheoryaresupposedtodrivesocialenidemicsbyinflucencinytheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccurhowevereachpersonsosffectedmusttheninflucencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirsandsoonandjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistantforexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecasecadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.
Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluencetheresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilifytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencetobe
31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPointtheauthorintendsto
[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics
[B]discussinfluentials’funcitioninspreadingideas
[C]exemplifypeople’sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics
[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials
32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheory”
[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems
[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends
[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials
[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity
33.whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentyshowsthat
[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions
[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia
[C]influe
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