整理沉默在高低语境中的不同含义标注版.docx
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整理沉默在高低语境中的不同含义标注版.docx
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整理沉默在高低语境中的不同含义标注版
Lead-in
Goodmorning,everyone,todaywearegoingtolearnaveryinterestingbutalsoveryfrustratingtopic---silence.WeareveryfamiliarwithsilencebecauseweChineseareverygoodatkeepingsilent.Tostartwith,I’dliketoaskyoutwoquestions.Thefirstquestionishowdoyouusuallyrespondtoyourteacher’squestion?
Ok,right,youransweriscorrect---SILENCE!
Asateacher,actuallyI’mveryfrustratedbyyoursilentresponse.OK,herecomesthesecondquestion.Thatboy,doyouhaveagirlfriend?
Soluckyofyou!
Ifyoupissyourgirlfriendoff,whatwouldyousaytoher,like“What’swrong?
”“WhathaveIdone?
”Andhowwouldsheusuallyrespondtoyourstupidquestion?
(Thatgirl,doyouhaveaboyfriend?
Sowho’stheluckydog?
Ifhepissesyouoff,howwouldyourespondtohisstupidquestionslike“What’swrong?
“WhathaveIdone?
”)Ok,silence,sohereisthetopicwearegonnatalkanddiscusstoday.
Mainlecture
Fromtheabovequestionsandanswerswecaneasilyfindthatsilenceisaveryimportantformofnon-verbalcommunicationinourlife.MostAfricansbelievethat“Silenceisalsospeech”.Itistruethatinmanyoccasions,silencecanreplacelanguagetoconveyacertainkindofmessage,anditalsohelpsprovidefeedback,informingbothsenderandreceiverabouttheclarityofanideaoritssignificanceintheoverallinterpersonalexchange.Periodsofsilenceaffectinterpersonalcommunicationbyprovidinganintervalinanongoinginteractionduringwhichtheparticipantshavetimetothink,checkorsuppressanemotion,encodealengthyresponse,orinaugurateanotherlineofthought.Butduetoculturaldifferences,peoplealwayshavedifferentinterpretationsofthemeaningsconveyedbysilence.Therefore,tounderstandwhereandwhentobesilent,andthemeaningattachedtosilenceistogainakeeninsightintothefundamentalstructureofcommunication.DavidCrystal,afamousBritishlinguist,helpstoillustrate,
Cross-culturaldifferencesarecommonoverwhentotalkandwhentoremainsilent,orwhataparticularinstanceofsilentmeans.Forinstance,inresponsetothequestion,“willyoumarryme?
”silenceinEnglishwouldbeinterpretedasuncertainty;inJapan,however,silencecanbeunderstoodasacceptance;inIgbo,atribeinNigeria,itwouldbeconsideredadenialifawomanistocontinuetostandthereandanacceptanceifsherunsaway.
A.Definition
Ok,wehavelearnedsomanyinterestingexamplesbutwestillneedtothinkaboutwhatcausesthesedifferentinterpretationsuponsilence---thatis,silencecanbeinterpreteddistinctivelyinbothHigh-contextculturesandLow-contextcultures.Sowhatishigh-contextcultureandwhatislow-contextculture.Let’stakealook.
Thefounderofthestudyofcross-culturalcommunication,ProfessorEdwardHallinhisbookBeyondCulturecategorizesculturesasbeingeitherhigh-orlow-context.Ahighcontext(HC)meansthatthemeaningofthemessageishiddenbehindwords,whilealowContextmeansthattheverbalmessagecontainsmostoftheinformationandverylittleishiddeninthecontextortheparticipants.
B.Differentinterpretationsofsilenceinhigh-contextandlow-contextcultures
Ok,wehaveexplainedthedefinitionandfeaturesofhigh-contextandlow-contextculture.Butdoyouknowwhichcountriesbelongtohigh-contextculture(China,Japan,LatinAmericaPPT)andwhichcountriesbelongtolow-contextculture(Germany,Switzerland,NorthAmericaPPT)?
Americaistherepresentativeoflow-contextculturewhileChina&Japanisthesymbolofhigh-contextculture.Wewillcomparethesecountriestoexploredifferentinterpretationsofsilenceindifferentcultures.
Americansarewell-knownfortheirstraightforwardwayofthinking.MostAmericanshavealowtoleranceforsilence.Instead,theyprefer“Ping-Pang”styleofconversation,whichmeansthatonespeakerhastorespondtowhatissaidoraskedsothattheconversationmaycontinue.InAmericanculture,talkishighlyvalued,anditisoftendifficulttodeterminethemeaningbehindsomeone’ssilence,becauseitcanbeinterpretedasanindicationofagreement,anger,lackofinterest,injuredfeelings,orcontempt.
DifferentfromAmericans’Ping-Pangstyleofconversation,theJapanesestyleismuchmoreformal,thatis,the“Bowlingstyle”.Allright,letmeshareastorywithyou.NancyisanAmericangirlwhomarriesaJapanese.SheisaquicklearnerinJapanese,butrecentlysheisalittlebitconfusedbecauseshefindsthatwhenshechatswithherJapanesefriends,(日本人采访)herfriendsalwaysshowtheexpressionofamazementandtheconversationsooncomestoanend.Afteraperiodofcarefulobservation,NancyfindsoutthatalthoughshecouldspeakfluentlyinJapanese,shestillthinksinanAmericanway.Shedoesnotrealizethatnowsheisinanorientalworldandthatinthiscult
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- 整理 沉默 高低 语境 中的 不同 含义 标注
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