商法答案.docx
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商法答案.docx
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商法答案
CaseStudy1
Questions:
1.ListthemainbusinessorganizationsrecognizedbyScotsLaw.
2.GiventhefactthatLisawillberunningthebusinessherselfand,forthetimebeing,sheisunlikelytobeemployinganyone,howwouldyouclassifyherbusiness?
3.IdentifytwoadvantagesandtwodisadvantagesofthetypeofbusinessorganizationrunbyLisa
CaseQuestion1
ThemainbusinessorganizationsrecognizedbyScotsLaware:
Soletrader
Partnership
Limitedliability
Privatecompany
Publiccompany
Question2
①Lisaisrunningaverysmallbusiness,sothemostappropriateformoforganizationissoletrader.
②AccordingtotheCompaniesRegulation1992,Lisa’sorganizationformdoesnotfitfortheconditionofprivatecompany;suchaprivatecompanyislimitedbysharesorbyguaranteeandneedonlyhaveonmember.
③Asaresult,wecanjudgethattheorganizationformofLisa’scompanyissoletrader.
Question3
Advantags:
①verybasiclegalrequirementstocomplywith
②Totalcontroloverhis/herbusinessanddoesnothavetotakeintoaccounttheopinionsofanyshareholders.
③ItisthesimplestformofbusinessorganizationrecognizedbyScotsLaw
④Asoletraderistoallintentsandpurposestoberegardedasaself-employedperson.
Disadvantages:
①Asoletradermayfinditdifficulttofundanexpansionofthebusinessbecauseshe/hecannotoffersharestootherpartiesinordertoraisefunds.
②Ifthebusinessfail,thesoletraderissaidtohaveunlimitedliabilityforanydebtsorobligationsowedtothirdparties.
③Theinclusionofnewpartnerswouldforceachangeinthenatureofbusiness,operationbyconvertingitintoapartnershiporsomeotherformofcorporatebody.
④(inanycase),Abusinessexpansionrequiringamajorinjectionofcapitalmightentailalossofcontroloverthebusinessbecausenewmemberswhoareasourceofnewfinancewillalmostcertainlydemandasayintherunningofthebusiness.
以上优、缺点各选两个答即可
CaseStudy2
Question1
Whatarethemaindifferencesbetweenatraditionalpartnershipandalimitedliabilitypartnership(LLP)?
Partnership
Unincorporatedbody
Partnershaveunlimitedliabilityinrespectofpartnershipdebts
Noneedtoberegisteredwithregistrarofcompaniesandnoneedtosupplyformaldocuments
RegulatedbyPartnershipAct1890
LLP
Corporatebody
MembersenjoylimitedliabilityinrespectofLLPdebts
Mustberegisteredwiththeregistrarofcompaniesandcertaindocumentsmustbesupplied
RegulatedbyLLPAct2000
Question2
Whatarethemainadvantagesforanexistingpartnershipwhenitchangestoalimitedliabilitypartnership?
①ThereasonwhymanytraditionalpartnershipstrytotranslatetoLLPisthatthememberscanenjoythelimitedresponsibilities.
②Furthermore,undertheconditionsoflosingofprivacyandgreateringexternalregulationforthemembers,lotsoftraditionalpartnershipsdefinitelyhopetotranslatetoLLP.(becauseofLLP…)
Question3
WhatisthenatureofthelegalrelationshipbetweenpartnersinfirmandmembersofaLLP?
①Thereexistafiduciaryrelationshipinlawrelationshipbetweencompanyandpartners.
2AccordingtoLimitedLiabilityPartnershipsAct2000,section6regulations,thereshouldberecognizedtoanagent’srelationshipbetweenmembersandLLP.
3Thegeneralruleofthelawagencythatanagent(member)mustalwaysactinthebestinterestofhisprincipal(LLP).
4Amemberisnotanagentofhisfellowmembers.
CaseStudy3
Question1
Whatisacompany’sobjectsclause?
①ObjectclauseExistinMemorandumofAssociationin。
②ObjectclauseUsuallyacompanyestablishedpurposeandalistofthecompanycanbeengagedinbusinessorcommercialbehavior。
③BeforethereformsintroducedbytheCompaniesAct1989,Thecompanyshallnotbeentitledtoanythirdpersonandsignedcommercialagreement,unlesstheobjectclauseofexplicitly.
④Iftheobjectclausenotauthorizedthecompanytoengageinabusinessdeal,thecompanyisnobehaviorability(lackofcapacity)toconcludeacontract,andthethirdpartycannotplea(thirdpartywasnodefence).
⑤Nowadays,manycompanieswillhavestraightforwardobjectsclauseswhichallowthemtoenterintoanytypeofbusinessofcommercialtransactionwhatsoever.
Question2
DoesMacGregorhavetherighttowithdrawfromtheprojectwithConstructit?
①MacgregordidnothavetheauthoritytocancelitandConstructitagreementbetweenthe。
②AsaresultofreformsintroducedbytheCompaniesAct1989,Section35oftheCompaniesAct1985nowstatesthateverycontractisenforceableagainstthecompany.
③NoactdonebyacompanymaybequestionedbythefactthatitwasbeyonditslegalcapacityasstatedinitsobjectsclauseintheMemorandumofAssociation.
④Section35Bofthe1985ActgoesontosaythatthereisnonecessityforathirdpartytocheckthataproposedcontractiswithinthepowersofthecompanyaspertheMemorandumofAssociation.
⑤TheSection3AofthecompanyAct1985nowpermitsacompanytohaveasimplifiedobjectsclausewhichmeansacompanycanenterintopracticallyanycontractwhatsoeverwiththirdparties.
⑥InsituationwherethirdpartiesdealingwiththecompanyherefailedtoactingoodfaithandwheretheDirectorshaveexceedtheirauthority,Section35A,CompaniesAct1985raisethepossibilitythatsuchanultraviruscontractmaybedeclaredvoidablebythecompany.
⑦举例AshburyRailwayCarriage&IronCovRiche[1875]
Question3
WillthelegalactionbyMacGregorshareholdersbesuccessfulsothatthecompanywillbeforcedtopayouttheexpectedbonuses?
①AccordingtotheCompaniesAct1985,theprovisionsofSection14,thecompanyofthetwomostimportantdocumentswereArticleofAssociationandMemorandumofAssociation.Whetherhavetherighttoshareoutbonusshareholders(receivebonuses)totallydependsonthecompanyArticleofAssociationrules。
②Ifregulationcan,sotheshareholdersmay,accordingtotheprovisionsofSection14toprosecutionandrequirethecompanytoshareoutbonus(forcepaymentofdividends).But,ifshareoutbonusprovisionisonlyoptional(discretionary)bythecompanydecidedto,sothecompanyshallhavetherighttopostpone(suspend)individendsthisyear。
③举例(任选其一):
⒈EleyvPositiveLifeAssuranceCoLtd[1876]
2.HickmanvKentorRomneyMarshsheepBreaders’Association[1915]
3.RayfieldvHands[1960]
4.WoodvOdessaWaterworksCo[1889]
Case4
Question1
Listthreedifferencesbetweenaprivatecompanyandapubliccompany.
Question2
Canpeoplesimplydecidetosetupanykindofcompanyandbegintotradeimmediately?
Question3
Whatkindoflegalstatusisacompanysaidtohave?
Question4
Whatmanagementbodyisresponsiblefortheday-to-dayrunningofacompany?
Question5
Whatisthemostcommontypeofliabilityforcompanymembers?
Keys
Question1(注意看上面的题目,只用选三个写就好)
①private:
onlyonedirectorisrequired
public:
theremustbeatleast2directors
②private:
limitedbysharesorbyguaranteeneedonlyhaveonemember
public:
theremustbyatleast2members
③private:
thereisnoupperagelimitfordirectors
public:
directorsmustretirewhentheyreachtheageof70
④private:
Auditedaccountsmustbeproducedwithin10monthsoftheendofthefinancialyear
public:
Auditedaccountsmustbeproducedwithin7monthsoftheyearend(更为严格)
⑤private:
TradingcanstartassoonasacertificateofIncorporationisobtained.
public:
PubliccompaniescannotbegintradingwithouthavingbeenissuedwithaSection117certificate.
⑥private:
Companynamemustendin“Limited”or“Ltd”
public:
Companynamemustendin“publiclimitedcompany”or“PLC”
⑦private:
TheArticleofAssociationofaprivatelimitedcompanymayprovideforarightofpre-emptionsothatwhenamemberwishestosellortotransferownershipofhissharehemustfirstofferthemtoexistingmember.
public:
Membersmustbefreetotransfertheirsharesastheyplease.
⑧private:
Thereisnominimumcapitalrequirement
public:
Apubliccompanymusthaveminimumissuedsharecapitalofatleast£50,000.
⑨private:
Thesharescannotbetradedorlistedontheotherexchange.
public:
Sharescanbelistedonthestockexchangeandcanbetraded.
CASE4中的最后四题:
提醒:
大家注意看清题目和问题,把中文翻译成英文,若不放心最好再多参考别的同学的笔记!
谢谢合作!
Question2
①AccordingtotheprovisionsoftheCompaniesAct1985,anewcompanytotheRegistrarofCompaniesmustsubmittheregistrationandtwoofthemostimportantdocument,itisrespectivelyArticleofAssociationandMemorandumofAssociation.
②Untilthecompanybeforewasestablished,thecompanydoesnothavelegalqualification,soitisnotanycontractsignedwiththethirdparty.Sothecompanycan'tsimplyinsettingupimmediatelyandthethirdpartytransactions.
③AnewcompanyneedtogettheRegistrarofCompaniesissuedbytheCertificateofIncorporationandpubliclimitedcompanyalsomustobtainSection117Certificatecanonlybecarriedoutafterbusiness。
Question3
①Whenacompanywasestablished,meansthatthecompanyenjoyseparatecorporatepersonalityqualification。
②Andtheseparatecorporatepersonalitymeansthatacompanyisalegalpersonstatusenterprise(artificiallegalperson),andwiththemembersoftheseparatearea,thememberstoundertakeislimitedliability。
Question4
TheBoardisthemanagementbodyforthecompany’sday-to-daybusiness.
Question5
①Themostimportanttypeofliabilitythatcompanymemberswillbesubjecttoisthatoflimitedliability.
②Theterm“limited”relatestothefactthatthemembersofthecompanyenjoy“limitedliability”status.
③Thismeansthatamember’sindividualliabilityisconfinedsolelytotheamountunpai,ifanyontheirsha
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