托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题与答案.docx
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托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题与答案.docx
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托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题与答案
2019年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题及答案
HormonesintheBody
Uptothebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,thenervoussystemwasthoughttocontrolallcommunicationwithinthebodyandtheresultingintegrationofbehavior.Scientistshaddeterminedthatnervesran,essentially,onelectricalimpulses.Theseimpulseswerethoughttobetheengineforthought,emotion,movement,andinternalprocessessuchasdigestion.However,experimentsbyWilliamBaylissandErnestStarlingonthechemicalsecretin,whichisproducedinthesmallintestinewhenfoodentersthestomach,eventuallychallengedthatview.Fromthesmallintestine,secretintravelsthroughthebloodstreamtothepancreas.There,itstimulatesthereleaseofdigestivechemicals.Inthisfashion,theintestinalcellsthatproducesecretinultimatelyregulatetheproductionofdifferentchemicalsinadifferentorgan,thepancreas.
Suchacoordinationofprocesseshadbeenthoughttorequirecontrolbythenervoussystem;BaylissandStarlingshowedthatitcouldoccurthroughchemicalsalone.ThisdiscoveryspurredStarlingtocointhetermhormonetorefer
tosecretin,takingitfromtheGreekwordhormon,meaning“toexcite”or“tosetinmotion.”Ahormoneisachemical
producedbyonetissuetomakethingshappenelsewhere.
Asmorehormoneswerediscovered,theywerecategorized,primarilyaccordingtotheprocessbywhichtheyoperatedonthebody.Someglands(whichmakeuptheendocrinesystem)secretehormonesdirectlyintothebloodstream.Such
glandsincludethethyroidandthepituitary.Theexocrinesystemconsistsoforgansandglandsthatproducesubstancesthatareusedoutsidethebloodstream,primarilyfordigestion.Thepancreasisonesuchorgan,althoughitsecretessomechemicalsintothebloodandthusisalsopartoftheendocrinesystem.
Muchhasbeenlearnedabouthormonessincetheirdiscovery.Someplaysuchkeyrolesinregulatingbodilyprocessesorbehaviorthattheirabsencewouldcauseimmediatedeath.Themostabundanthormoneshaveeffectsthatarelessobviouslyurgentbutcanbemorefar-reachingand
difficulttotrack:
Theymodifymoodsandaffecthumanbehavior,evensomebehaviorwenormallythinkofasvoluntary.Hormonalsystemsareveryintricate.Evenminuteamountsoftherightchemicalscansuppressappetite,calmaggression,andchangetheattitudeofaparenttowardachild.Certainhormonesacceleratethedevelopmentofthebody,regulatinggrowthandform;othersmayevendefineanindividual’spersonalitycharacteristics.Thequantitiesandproportionsofhormonesproducedchangewithage,soscientistshavegivenagreatdealofstudytoshiftsintheendocrinesystemovertimeinthehopesofalleviatingailmentsassociatedwithaging.
Infact,somehormonetherapiesarealreadyverycommon.Acombinationofestrogenandprogesteronehasbeenprescribedfordecadestowomenwhowanttoreducemoodswings,suddenchangesinbodytemperature,andotherdiscomfortscausedbylowernaturallevelsofthosehormonesastheyentermiddleage.Knownashormonereplacementtherapy(HRT),thetreatmentwasalsobelievedtopreventweakeningofthebones.Atleast
onestudyhaslinkedHRTwithaheightenedriskofheart
diseaseandcertaintypesofcancer.HRTmayalsoincreasethe
likelihoodthatbloodclots—dangerousbecausetheycouldtravelthroughthebloodstreamandblockmajorblood
vessels—willform.SomeproponentsofHRThavetemperedtheirenthusiasminthefaceofthisnewevidence,recommendingitonlytopatientswhosesymptomsinterferewiththeirabilitiestolivenormallives.
Humangrowthhormonemayalsobegiventopatientswhoaresecretingabnormallylowamountsontheirown.Becauseofthecomplicatedeffectsgrowthhormonehasonthebody,suchtreatmentsaregenerallyrestrictedtochildrenwhowouldbepathologicallysmallinstaturewithoutit.Growthhormoneaffectsnotjustphysicalsizebutalsothedigestionoffood
andtheagingprocess.Researchersandfamilyphysicianstendtoagreethatitisfoolhardytodispenseitincasesin
whichtherisksarenotclearlyoutweighedbythebenefits.
27.Thewordengineinthepassageisclosestinmeaning
to
(A)desire
(B)origin
(C)science
(D)chemical
28.Theworditinthepassagerefersto
(A)secretin
(B)smallintestine
(C)bloodstream
(D)pancreas
29.Thewordspurredinthepassageisclosestinmeaning
to
(A)remembered
(B)surprised
(C)invented
(D)motivated
30.Tobeconsideredahormone,achemicalproducedinthebodymust
(A)bepartofthedigestiveprocess
(B)influencetheoperationsofthenervous
system(C)affectprocessesinadifferentpartof
thebody(D)regulateattitudesandbehavior
31.Theglandsandorgansmentionedinparagraph3arecategorizedaccordingto
(A)whetherscientistsunderstandtheirfunction
(B)howfrequentlytheyreleasehormonesintothebody
(C)whetherthehormonestheysecreteinfluencethe
agingprocess
(D)whethertheysecretechemicalsintotheblood
Paragraph3ismarkedwithanarrow[→]
32.Thewordkeyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
(A)misunderstood
(B)precise
(C)significant
(D)simple
33.Thewordminuteinthepassageisclosestinmeaning
to
(A)sudden
(B)small
(C)changing
(D)noticeable
34.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?
Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.
(A)Mostmoodsandactionsarenotvoluntarybecausetheyareactuallyproducedbytheproductionofhormonesinthebody.
(B)Becausetheeffectsofhormonesaredifficulttomeasure,scientistsremainunsurehowfar-reachingtheireffectsonmoodsandactionsare.
(C)Whenthebodyisnotproducingenoughhormones,urgent
treatmentmaybenecessarytoavoidpsychologicaldamage.
(D)Theinfluenceofmanyhormonesisnoteasyto
measure,buttheycanaffectbothpeople’spsychologyandactions
extensively.
35.Thewordtemperedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
(A)decreased
(B)advertised
(C)prescribed
(D)researched
36.Whichpatientsareusuallytreatedwithgrowthhormone?
(A)Adultsofsmallerstatuethannormal
(B)Adultswithstrongdigestivesystems
(C)Childrenwhoarenotatriskfromthetreatment
(D)Childrenwhomayremainabnormallysmall
37.Whichofthefollowingsentencesexplainstheprimarygoalofhormonereplacementtherapy?
Thesesentencesarehighlightedinthepassage.
(A)Thequantitiesandproportionsofhormonesproducedchangewithage,soscientistshavegivenagreatdealofstudytoshiftsintheendocrinesystemovertimeinthehopesofalleviatingailmentsassociatedwithaging.
(B)Acombinationofestrogenandprogesteronehasbeenprescribedfordecadestowomenwhowanttoreducemood
swings,suddenchangesinbodytemperature,andotherdiscomfortscausedbylowernaturallevelsofthosehormonesastheyentermiddleage.
(C)HRTmayalsoincreasethelikelihoodthatbloodclots—dangerousbecausetheycouldtravelthroughthe
bloodstreamandblockmajorbloodvessels—willform.
(D)Becauseofthecomplicatedeffectsgrowthhormonehasonthebody,suchtreatmentsaregenerallyrestrictedtochildrenwhowouldbepathologicallysmallinstaturewithoutit.
38.Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Thebodyisacomplexmachine,however,andrecentstudieshavecalledintoquestionthewisdomofessentiallytryingtofoolitssystems
intobelievingtheyaren’taging.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?
Clickonasquaretoaddthesentencetothepassage.
39.Directions:
Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelong
inthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.
Theclassofchemicalscalledhormoneswasdiscoveredbytworesearchersstudyingasubstanceproducedinthesmallintestine.
AnswerChoices
ThetermhormoneisbasedonaGreekwordthatmeans"toexcite"or"tosetinmotion."Researchersarelookingforways
todecreasethedangersoftreatmentswithgrowthhormonesothatmorepatientscanbenefitfromit.
Hormonescanbegivenartificially,butsuchtreatmentshaverisksandmustbeusedcarefully.Hormonescanaffectnotonlylifeprocessessuchasgrowthbutalsobehaviorandemotion.
Scientistshavediscoveredthatnotonlythenervoussystembutalsocertainchemicalscanaffectbodilyprocessesfarfromtheirpointsoforigin.Hormonereplacementtherapy(HRT)mayincreasetheriskofbloodclotsandheartdiseaseinmiddle-agewomen.
AnswerKeys
Reading:
27.B
28.A
29.D
30.C
31.D
32.C
33.B
34.D
35.A
36.D
37.A
38.thirdsquare
39.1)Scientistshavediscoveredthatnotonlythenervoussystem.
2)Hormonescanaffectnotonlylifeprocesses?
..
3)Researchersarelookingforwaystodecreasethedangersof.
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