段落写作技巧.docx
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段落写作技巧.docx
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段落写作技巧
第一课:
TOPIC
当你看到一个主题时,要先缩窄(narrowdown)所写的题目内容,例如:
Drugs
EffectsofSmokingDrugs
EffectsonHealth
EffectsonMemory
这段落是讨论吸毒的影响,引申题目至「记忆力衰退」,这样你便可专注此项来写这段落了。
现在,试就此题目收窄所写的内容:
Drugs
ReasonsPeopleSmokeIt
....................................................
.............................................
TheTopicSentence主题句:
撰写段落时,首先须要决定你的写作目的,而当你拟定了主意(idea)后,便可以开始写这段落的主题句。
写主题句的要点包括:
1) 主题句共分两部份:
Topic+ControllingIdea
例如:
Smokingcigarettesishazardoustoyourhealth.
Topic
ControllingIdea
2) 主题句不能太含糊,范围太大,令人不明白你的重点;若主题句太细致,则很难再去阐述或讨论下去,所以要在限定范围内展开你的话题。
例如:
Exerciseisgoodforyou.(toogeneral)
Aerobicexerciseisgoodforyourhealth.(suitable)
Drivingacarcanbehazardous.(toogeneral)
Drunkdrivingishazardous.(suitable)
3) 主题句可放在段落之首,中间或是最后,也可隐藏于句中,视乎你想怎样表达。
不过,很多时候,在开首写出主题句的方式,较容易引起读者的注意,同时,便于环绕中心主题铺陈开展下文,引导读者了解段落大意。
4) 主题句必须表达你对该题目的独特见解,所持态度,或是理据所在,才能吸引读者继续看下去。
Exercise:
Chooseoneofthefollowingtopicsandbrainstormthetopic.Afterwritingeverythingthatcomestoyourmindonthetopic,sortthroughthelistandchooseanideathatinterestsyou.Writeatopicsentencethathasacontrollingidea.Ifnecessary,narrowdownthetopicfurther.
Aninterestingcustom
Amemorableteacher
Videogames
Gambling
Typhoon
Communication
第二课:
SupportingDetails
当你决定了主题句(Topicsentence)后,下一步便是提出论点,支持或说明你的主题句,包括:
Examples,information,evidence,factsetc.
例如:
Afinalexaminationinacoursewillgiveastudenttheinitiativetodohisorherbestworkthroughoutthecourse.Studentswhoareonlytakingnotesandattendingclassesinordertopassafewshorttestswillnotputforththeirbesteffort.Forinstance,someofmyfriendsindrama,inwhichthereisnofinalexamination,takepoornotes,whichtheythrowawayaftereachshorttest.Skippingclassesalsobecomespopular.Imaginetheincrediblechangeafinalexaminationwouldproduce.Studentswouldhavetotakegoodnotesandattendallclassesinordertobepreparedforthefinalexamination.
---SuzanneGremillion
这段落的中心思想说明:
“Theadvantagesofthefinalexamination”。
首句先点明主旨,并以戏剧班为例,加强主题的说服力,每句的意思都环绕着这个中心开展,作出比较,最后一句撮要本段意思。
现以表列出此段之结构,令大家更容易明白。
Topic:
Theadvantagesofafinalexamination
TopicSentence:
Afinalexaminationinacoursewillgiveastudenttheinitiativetodohisorherbestworkthroughoutthecourse.
SupportingDetails:
(Reasons:
)
Ifthereisnofinalexamination,somestudents:
1)willnottrytheirbest.
2)takepoornotes
3)throwawaythenotesaftereachshorttest
4)skipclass
Conclusion:
(whatkindofconclusion:
hopeforchange,summaryoradvice?
)
Studentswouldhavetotakegoodnotesandattendallclassesinordertobepreparedforthefinalexamination.
(summary)
Exercise:
1.Dividethefollowingparagraphintothreeparts:
introduction,supportingdetailsandconclusion.
2.Whichsentencehasthemainideaoftheparagraph?
3.Thewritermustsupporthismainidea.Howmanyreasonsorexamplesdoesthewritergive?
4.Doesthewritergivedetailstoexplaineachreasonorexample?
5.Doesthewriteruseanyspecialwordsinthediscussiontohelpyouunderstandhowmanyreasonsorexampleshehas?
6.Whatdoestheconclusiondo?
Doesitgiveasummary,hopeforachangeorgiveadvice?
TimesSquaresisunquestionablythecenterofentertainmentinNewYorkCity.TherearenearlyahundredBroadwaytheatersandOff-Broadwaystages.Peoplecanchoosemanykindsofmusicalsfrominternationalwell-knownclassicaltolivelyandunusualproductions.Forexample,IhaveseenseveralBroadwayshowslike“Cats”and“MissSaigon.”Ienjoyedtheemotionalsongsandexperiencedtheirjoysandsadness.BesidesBroadwaytheaters,therearealotofmovietheatersinwhichmostrecentHollywoodfirst-runfilmsareshown.Peoplecanseedifferentpopularfilmsandspendawholedayinthesetheaters.Moreover,duringlunchtime,therearesomestreetperformancessuchasJazzandHardRock.Peoplecrowdthestreetandlistentoethnicandexperimentalmusicwithspecialsoundeffects.Asaresult,noonefeelsboredinTimesSquaresasitbringsherorhimarichvarietyofentertainmentlikeBroadwaymusicals,moviesandstreetshows.
Topicsentence:
Firstreason:
Support:
Secondreason:
Support:
Thirdreason:
Support:
Conclusion:
Whatkindofconclusion:
hopeforchange,summaryoradvice?
第三课:
Unity&Coherence
Unity统一性
段落中每一句均须与此段的主题相关,并提供数据来支持主题,句子间必须先后有序,合乎逻辑,否则便会欠缺统一性。
当你写下一段落时,必须检查每句的内容是否依据主旨,如果不是的话,便要修改或移到另一段。
例如:
Learningaforeignlanguagehaschanged.Notlongago,studentswouldsitwithpeninhand,writingthebasicformsofalanguage,learningstructurestheywouldneverbeabletospeak.Inthatsameclassroomtoday,pensandnotebookshavebeenputaway.Thespokensoundsofforeigntonguefilltheroom.Todaythelastskilllearned---writingaforeignlanguage---comesasanaturalandpossiblepartofthetotallanguage-learningprocess.Yet,justafewyearsago,thelastskilllearnedwasthefirstskillmasteredtoday---speakingaforeigntongue.Tovisitsomeforeigncountries,travelershavetoapplyforvisas.
Topicsentence:
Learningaforeignlanguagehaschanged.
*不统一句子:
Tovisitsomeforeigncountries,travelershavetoapplyforvisas.
由以上段落可见每句均围绕主旨而发展,主题句:
「学习外国语言已经改变了」,但当中有一句:
「Tovisitsomeforeigncountries,travelershavetoapplyforvisas.」则是说申请护照的,明显地不合此段主题learningaforeignlanguage,所以必须移走此句,才使本段意思归一。
Coherence连贯性
段落除了须要统一性及文字流畅外,还要句与句,字与字之间有连贯性,要达到此点,便须作出适当排序,如果一段落内句子不统一,则即使有连贯性也没用,反之,若没有连系的句子乱成一团,就算全部与主旨有关,也是令读者看不懂,所以,要做好构段,unity及coherence二者缺一不可。
要令一段落有连贯性,可使用transitionalwords,现以第二课的练习题说明之:
TimesSquaresisunquestionablythecenterofentertainmentinNewYorkCity.TherearenearlyahundredBroadwaytheatersandOff-Broadwaystages.Peoplecanchoosemanykindsofmusicalsfrominternationalwell-knownclassicaltolivelyandunusualproductions.Forexample,IhaveseenseveralBroadwayshowslike“Cats”and“MissSaigon.”Ienjoyedtheemotionalsongsandexperiencedtheirjoysandsadness.BesidesBroadwaytheaters,therearealotofmovietheatersinwhichmostrecentHollywoodfirst-runfilmsareshown.Peoplecanseedifferentpopularfilmsandspendawholedayinthesetheaters.Moreover,duringlunchtime,therearesomestreetperformancessuchasJazzandHardRock.Peoplecrowdthestreetandlistentoethnicandexperimentalmusicwithspecialsoundeffects.Asaresult,noonefeelsboredinTimesSquaresasitbringsherorhimarichvarietyofentertainmentlikeBroadwaymusicals,moviesandstreetshows.
从以上段落中,可以找到一些transitionalwords,即「Forexample,Besides,Moreover,Asaresult,」用以增加句子之间的连贯性,令段落安排更有次序,而透过这些转折词及字,令读者亦易于明白和找到支持主旨的理据SupportingDetails。
Exercise:
Chooseoneofthefollowingtopicsentences,andwriteaplanforaparagraph.First,copythetopicsentence,andthenlistthreetofourpointstosupportit.Finally,makeyourconclusion.
TopicSentences
1)
NewYorkCityisthebestcityintheworldbecauseithasalotofopportunitiestostudy.
2)
Somepromisesareeasytomakeandhardtokeep.
3)
Standinginasubwaystation,Ibegantoappreciatetheplace.
4)
Althoughmanyyoungpeopleusesuicideasathreat,itshouldbeseenasacallforhelp.
5)
Knowinganotherlanguagewillbringyougreaterrespectwhennegotiatingordealingabroad.
第四课:
Transitions&Conjunctions
句子中的连接词或字可以帮助段落的连贯性,所以在这一课中特别介绍一些常见的Transitions&Conjunctions供大家参考之用。
1)Transitions:
Purpose
TransitionalExpressions
表示时间
next,then,after,before,later,soon,during,while,meanwhile,following,shortly,thereafter,thenextday,finally.
表示地方
above,over,inside,totheleft/right,behind,beyond,inthecenter,straightahead,nextto,ontheside,atthetop,opposite,below,under,atthefront,around,near.
表示顺序
first,second,next,then,last,finally,aboveall,firstofall.
表示补充
inaddition,moreover,similarly,likewise,and,again,also,besides,further,furthermore,
表示转折
but,however,conversely,inspiteof,nevertheless,eventhough,ontheotherhand,afterall,still,onthecontrary,yet,whereas.
表示比较
bycomparison,likewise,similarly,inthesameway.
表示结果
asaresult,thus,hence,accordingly,therefore,consequently,then,so.
表示原因
because,for,as,since,owingto.
表示例证
forexample,forinstance,toillustrate.
表示总结
inshort,insummary,inconclusion,tosumup,therefore,inbrief,toconclude,allinall,inotherwords.
加强语气
certainly,undoubtedly,indeed,truly,infact,surely.
用法
(一):
在使用某些转折字时,必须了解标点符号的用法。
例如:
若在一句子中使用引申或转折意思,如下列所示,便要用分号和逗号。
_______________;
consequently,
______________________.
_______________;
furthermore,
______________________.
_______________;
however,
______________________.
_______________;
indeed,
______________________.
_______________;
moreover,
______________________.
_______________;
nevertheless,
______________________.
_______________;
therefore,
______________________.
Forexample:
Youcannotgotothebeachbecauseitisrainingheavily;moreover,youhaven'tfinishedyourhomework.
用法
(二):
如果要表示两句子间的意思衔接或转移,则运用标点符号时便如下列所示:
______________________.
Consequently,
______________________.
______________________.
Furthermore,
______________________.
______________________.
However,
______________________.
______________________.
Indeed,
______________________.
______________________.
Moreover,
______________________.
______________________.
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