英语专业毕业论文5.docx
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英语专业毕业论文5.docx
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英语专业毕业论文5
英语专业毕业论文5
AStudyofSocialPragmaticFailuresinCross-culturalCommunication
Abstract:
Pragmaticfailureisoneofthemainsourcesthatgiverisetocross-culturalcommunicationbreakdowns.DuetothedifferentinterpretationsofpolitenessbetweenChineseandEnglishcultures,pragmaticfailuresoftenexistincross-culturalcommunications,resultingincommunicationbreakdowns.ThispaperfocusesonastudyofpolitenessinitsmanifestationsinChineseandEnglishcultures.Itprovidesbasictheoriesofpoliteness,cross-culturalcommunicationandcross-culturalpragmaticfailure,andpointsoutthedifferencesininterpretationofpolitenessbetweenChineseandEnglishcultures,withthepurposeofexploringtheresourcesofthosedifferences,soastoavoidpragmaticfailuresofpolitenessandeffectsuccessfulcross-culturalcommunications.Inbrief,thefindingsofthispapersupporttheviewthatpragmaticfailuresdoexistingreeting,acceptinggifts,tablemannerandmanyotheraspectsofdailycommunicationbecauseofpeople’sdifferentinterpretationsofpolitenessbetweenChineseandEnglishcultures.Therefore,itisofgreatnecessitytounderstandculturaldifferences,soastoavoidmisunderstandingsandmiscommunications.
KeyWord:
politeness;cross-culturalpragmaticfailure;culturaldifferences
摘要:
语用失误是造成跨文化交际障碍的主要原因之一。
由于中西方对于礼貌这一概念的理解不同,在日常的跨文化交际中,语用失误时有发生,进而影响了交际效果。
本文阐述了礼貌、跨文化交际、跨文化交际语用失误等基本概念,列举中英不同文化背景下,人们对礼貌这一概念的不同解读,并进一步探索了这些差异的根源,以期能使人们在跨文化交际中尽量避免礼貌语用失误,顺利实现有效的跨文化交际。
总的来说,本文的研究证实了在中西方的日常交际中,由于对礼貌解读的不同,双方在会晤、接受礼物、餐桌礼仪等诸多方面存在语用失误现象,因此,人们有必要了解认识文化间的差异,有效地避免跨文化交际中的误解或障碍。
关键词:
礼貌;跨文化交际语用失误;文化差异
1.Introduction
Recently,thereisawaveofglobalizationduetofactorsincludingmassaccesstointernet,globalizationofindustry,andexpansionofeducationalexchangesandsoon.Newtechnologies,growthoftheworld’spopulation,andshiftintheglobaleconomicareahaveallcontributedtotheincreaseincross-culturalcommunication.Therefore,cross-culturalcommunicationhasbecomeindispensabletoday.
Languageusedbyhumanbeingsisthemostbasictoolforcommunication,whichplaysacrucialroleintheprocessofhumanhistoricaldevelopment.Weusewordstopersuade,toexchangeideas,toexpressviews,toseekinformation,andtoexpressfeelings.Wemadeculturalchoiceswhenweareusinghumanlanguagetocommunicatewithotherpeople.Cultureshapesourideasandplaysacrucialroleoninfluencingourwayofusinglanguage.Atthesametime,languagecanalsobeconsideredasawindowtotheculture.Theyarecloselyconnectedwitheachotherandcanneverbeseparated.Therefore,weshouldnotonlylearnlinguisticskillswellbutalsoknowmuchknowledgeaboutforeignculturesifwewanttoconqueraforeignlanguageandbecomeaneffectivecommunicator.
Butthefactisthatmanypeopledidn’tpaymuchattentiontotheculturalbackgroundsandusedwordstocommunicatewithothersinaninappropriatewayandinappropriateoccasion.Inthisway,thesocialpragmaticfailuresoftenoccurduringthecross-culturalcommunication.
Becauseofthefierceconflictsbetweenthepopularityofcross-culturalcommunicationandthefrequentlyhappeningcommunicationbarriers,thefactorsaffectingcommunicationaredrawingmuchmoreattentionfromtheresearchers.Inthepasttwodecades,therehasbeenanincreasinginterestinthestudyofpragmaticfailuresincross-culturalcommunication.Cross-culturalsocialpragmaticfailureshavebeenanimportantareaofpragmaticsandcross-culturalcommunicationstudies.Thesocialpragmaticfailuresaremainlycausedbyculturaldifferencesandlackofawarenessaboutthisissue.Hence,wehavetofigureoutsomesolutionstodealwithit,suchasstrengthenculturalawareness,avoidnegativestereotypeandcultivatecross-culturalcommunicationcompetence.Onlyinthiswaycanweachieveasatisfiedresultfromtheinterculturalcommunication
2.TheoreticalBackgrounds
Inordertohaveacomprehensiveunderstandingofsocialpragmaticfailuresduringtheinter-culturalcommunication,we’dbetterlearnsomebackgroundinformationaboutculture.Theknowledgeaboutdefinitionofculture,cross-culturalcommunication,andthesocialpragmaticfailuresandtherelationshipbetweenlanguageandcultureareoughttobefamiliartous.
2.1DefinitionofCulture
Theword“culture”isalargeandevasiveconcept,verycomplexanddifficulttodefine.Therearehundredsofdefinitionsforculture.HereIpresentonlytwoconceptswhichIfavormost.Theoneis“Acultureisacollectionofbeliefs,habits,livingpatterns,andbehaviorswhichareheldmoreorlessincommonbypeoplewhooccupyparticulargeographicareas.”(D.Brown,40)Theotherisexplainedinamoredetailedway:
“cultureismen’smedium;thereisnotoneaspectofhumanlifethatisnottouchedandalteredbyculture.Thismeanspersonality,howpeopleexpressthemselves(includingshowsofemotion),thewaytheythink,howtheymove,howproblemsaresolved,howtheircitiesareplannedandlaidout,howtransportationsystemsfunctionandareorganized,aswellashoweconomicandgovernmentsystemsareputtogetherandfunction.”(EdwardT.Hall,40)
2.2DefinitionofCross-culturalCommunication
Asisknowntoall,thecross-culturalcommunicationhasbecomeincreasinglyimportantforhumans.Theneedforcross-culturalcommunicationisasoldashumankind.We’vediscussedthedefinitionofculture.Now,itisnecessarytoknowsomethingabouttheconceptsofcross-culturalcommunication,whichisthefiststeptohaveadeeperunderstandingofsocialpragmaticfailures.Thecross-culturalcommunication(alsofrequentlyreferredtoasinter-culturalcommunication,whichisalsousedinadifferentsense,though)isafieldofstudythatlooksathowpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgroundscommunicate,insimilarordifferentwaysamongthemselves,andhowtheyendeavortocommunicateacrosscultures.
2.3Cross-culturalSocialPragmaticFailures
Theterm“pragmaticfailure”wasfirstusedbyBritishlinguistJennyThomasinherpaper“cross-culturalpragmaticfailure”(1983),publishedinappliedlinguistics.Itistodefinetheinabilitytounderstandwhatismeantbywhatsaid.Thomasdividedpragmaticfailureintotwotypes,pragmatic-linguisticfailureandsocial-pragmaticfailure.Pragmatic-linguisticfailurereferstotheinabilityininterpretingthelinguisticmeaningbymistakenbeliefsaboutpragmaticforceofutterance.Andsocialpragmaticfailurereferstotheexpressiveinappropriatenessresultedfromthemisunderstandingortheignoranceofsocialorculturaldifferences.Itfallsintotwomainaspects:
failureincultureandfailureinsocialnorms.
Pragmatic-linguisticfailurecanberegardedasthepartofthegrammarandeasytoovercome.Socialpragmaticfailure,however,involvesthespeakers’knowledgeofthelanguageandsystemofbeliefwhichmakesitmoredifficulttodealwith.Pragmatic-linguisticfailuresmayonlymakeothersthinkthatyouare“speakingbadly”,butsocialpragmaticfailuremayprobablyleaveotherstheimpressionof“behavingbadly”andcausegreatembarrassmentandmisunderstandingsduringinter-culturalcommunication.Therefore,we’dbettertryourbesttoavoidthesocialpragmaticfailuresandinteractwithpeoplefromdifferentculturesasactivelyaspossible.Onlyinthiswaycanweachieveaneffectivecommunicationresult.
3.TypicalAnalyses
Becauseofthenegativetransferofnativeculturetotargetculture,socialpragmaticfailureshavebecomeoneofmainfactorsleadtothecommunicationbarriers.HereIlistsixaspectsofreflectingsocialpragmaticfailuresandthecomparesarepresentedbetweenchinaandwesterncountries.
3.1FormofAddress
Everycountryhasitsownwaytoaddresspeople.Intheprocessofcross-culturalcommunication,wehavetobecautiousenoughtochoosetherightformofaddressaccordingtootherpeople’sculture.
Case
(1)(AChinesestudentgreetshisforeignteacher)
Student:
“Hello,TeacherHedges.”
Analyses:
Inchina,it’squitenaturalforstudentstocalltheirteachersbycombingthetitleoftheprofessionandthefirstname.Butinwesterncountries,especiallyinAmerican,“teacher”isjustaprofessionbutnotaformofaddress.TherightwaytogreetteachersistoaddMr/Mrs/Missinfrontofone’sfamilyname,orcalltheirnamestraightforwardly.
Case
(2)(AchildinchinametanAmericaninaparkandtriedtospeaktohimcourteously)
A:
Uncle,howdoyoudo?
B:
PleasecallmeJohn;I’mnotyouruncle.
Analyses:
InChina,childrenoftencalltheelderpeopleuncleorauntforthesakeofshowingtheirgreatrespecttothem.Butinwesterncountries,theappellationof“uncle”canonlybeusedbyrelatives.Iftheyheardunfamiliarpeoplecallthem“uncle”or“aunt”,theymayfeelembarrassedoruncomfortable.
3.2ValueOrientation
Oneofthemainfactorscausingsocialpragmaticfailuresisconsideredasthedifferentbelieforientations.Andthedifferencesreflectedinpeople’susageoflanguageduringthecross-culturalcommunication.That’sthereasonwhydifferentpeoplehavedifferentresponsestowardscomplimentandgratitude.
3.2.1ComplimentResponse
Case(3)(AChinesevisitingscholartoAmericanispraisedbyherAmericanfriend)
Americanfriend:
That’salovelydressyouhaveon.
Chinesescholar:
No,no,it’sjustaveryordinarydress.
Analyses:
IntraditionalChineseculture,beingmodestandprudenthasbeenhighlyappreciated.Peopletendtodepreciatethemselvesandputahighervalueonotherpeople.Butinwesterncountries,it’squitenaturalforpeopletopraiseothers,andit’sjustawayofgreeting.Thedifferentattitudestowardscomplimentresponsemaycertainlycausesocialpragmatic
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