新托福IBT词汇分类突破.docx
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新托福IBT词汇分类突破.docx
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新托福IBT词汇分类突破
UNIT001
Basicbuildingmaterialsinclude:
timber,mud,stone,marble,brick,tile,steel,andcementconcrete.Masonrywallsarebuiltwithstonesorbricks,coheredthroughtheuseofmortar,firstcomposedoflimeandsand.Theprofusionofaluminumanditsanodizedcoatingprovidedcladdingmaterialthatislightweightandvirtuallymaintenancefree.GlasswasknowninprehistoryandiscelebratedforitscontributionstoGothicarchitecture.
Vocabulary:
1.timber
2.marble
3.tile
4.cement
5.masonrywall
6.cohere
7.mortar
8.lime
9.profusion
10.aluminum
11.anodizedcoating
12.cladding
13.celebrated
14.Gothic
15.architecture
UNIT002
Twobasicapproachestospanningovermasonrywallsarepost-and-lintelconstructionandarch,vault,anddomeconstruction.
Vocabulary:
1.span
2.post-and-lintel
3.arch
4.vault
5.dome
UNIT003
TheChicagoarchitectLouisSullivan’scareerconvergeswiththeso-calledChicagoSchoolofArchitects,whosechallengewastoinventtheskyscraperorhigh-risebuilding,facilitatedbytheintroductionoftheelectricelevatorandtheabundanceofsteel.Thebuilding’sskeletoncouldbeerectedquicklyandtheremainingcomponentshungonittocompleteit,animmenseadvantageforhigh-risebuildingsonbusycitystreet.
Vocabulary:
1.architect
2.converge
3.school
4.skyscraper
5.facilitate
6.electricelevator
7.abundance
8.skeleton
9.erect
10.component
11.immense
UNIT004
Interiordesignofapartmentsandhouses,thatis,dwellings,usuallyinvolvebothpracticalandaestheticdecisions.Choiceshavetobemadeforalmosteveryelement,ceilingsandlamps,curtainsandblinds,corridoranddoorway,nichesandledges,grateandventilations,terracesandstaircases,evensewersordrainers.Sometimessuchdesignsareextendedtobethefaçadeofthebuilding,andeventoafountain,oragardeningyard.
1.interiordesign
2.dwelling
3.involve
4.aesthetic
5.ceiling
6.lamp
7.curtain
8.blind
9.corridor
10.doorway
11.niche
12.ledge
13.grate
14.ventilation
15.terrace
16.staircase
17.sewer
18.drainer
19.façade
20.fountain
21.yard
UNIT005
Theleaseisacontractofrentunderwhichoneparty,calledlandlordorlessor,grantspossessionanduseofthepropertyforalimitedtermtotheotherparty,whoiscalledtenantorlessee.
1.lease
2.rent
3.landlord
4.lessor
5.grant
6.possession
7.property
8.tenant
9.lessee
UNIT006
Abigcity,orametropolis,isoftenaccompaniedbysuburbs.Suchcitiesareusuallyassociatedwithmetropolitanareasandurbansprawl,creatinglargeamountofbusinesscommuters.Onceacitysprawlsfarenoughtoreachanothercity,thisregioncanbedeemedaconurbationormegalopolis.
1.metropolis
2.suburb
3.beassociatedwith
4.metropolitan
5.urban
6.sprawl
7.commuter
8.deem
9.conurbation
10.megalopolis
UNIT007
Sanitationisthehygienicmeansofpreventinghumancontactfromthehazardsofwastes,eitherphysical,microbiological,biologicalorchemicalagentsofdisease,whichincludehumanandanimalfeces,solidwastes,domesticwastewater(sewage,sullage,greywater),etc.hygienicmeansofpreventioncanbepracticedbyusingsimpletechnologies(e.g.latrines,septictanks),orbypersonalhygienepractices.
1.sanitation
2.hygienic
3.microbiological
4.agent
5.feces
6.domestic
7.sullage
8.greywater
9.latrine
10.septictank
11.personalhygienepractice
UNIT008
Apublicutility(usuallyjustutility)isacompanythatmaintainsandprovidestheinfrastructureforapublicservice.Althoughutilitiescanbeprivatelyownedorpubliclyowned,theyofteninvolvenaturalmonopolies.
1.publicutility
2.infrastructure
3.privatelyowned
4.publiclyowned
5.monopoly
UNIT009
Thefieldoftransporthasseveralaspects,infrastructure,vehicles,andoperations.Infrastructureincludesthetransportnetworks(roads,railways,airways,waterways,canals,pipelines,etc.)thatareused,aswellasthenodesorterminals(suchasairports,railwaystations,busstationsandseaports).Vehiclestravelingonthenetworksincludeautomobiles,bicycles,buses,trainsandaircrafts.Theoperationsdealwiththewaythevehiclesareoperatedonthenetwork,andtheproceduressetforthispurposeincludingthelegalenvironment(laws,codes,regulations,etc.).Policies,suchashowtofinancethesystem(forexample,theuseoftollsorgasolinetaxes)maybeconsideredpartoftheoperations.
1.vehicle
2.operation
3.canal
4.pipeline
5.node
6.terminal
7.seaport
8.law
9.code
10.regulation
11.toll
12.gasoline
UNIT010
Railtransportistheconveyanceofpassengersandgoodsbymeansofwheeledvehiclesspeciallydesignedtorunalongrailwayorrailroads.Typicalrailwaytracksconsistoftwoparallelrails,normallymadeofsteel,securedtocrossbeams,termedties.Thetiesmaintainconstantdistancebetweenthetworails,ameasurementknownas“gauge”ofthetrack.Tomaintainthealignmentofthetrack,itiseitherlaidonabedofballastorelsesecuredtoasolidconcretefoundation.Railtransportisanenergy-efficientandcapital-intensivecomponentoflogistics,incontrast,atraditionalwagoncancarrynomorethanseveraltonsoffreight.
1.railtransport
2.conveyance
3.bymeansof
4.consistof
5.secureto
6.crossbeam
7.tie
8.gauge
9.alignment
10.ballast
11.concrete
12.energy-efficient
13.capital-intensive
14.logistics
15.wagon
16.freight
UNIT011
Developmentsintechnologyhaveerodedsomeofthenaturalmonopolyaspectsoftraditionalpublicutilities.Forinstance,electricitygeneration,electricityretailing,telecommunicationandpostalservicehavebecomecompetitiveinsomecountries,andthetrendtowardsliberalization,deregulationandprivatizationofpublicutilitiesisgrowing,butthenetworkinfrastructureusedtodistributemostutilityproductsandserviceshasremainedlargelymonopolistic.
1.erode
2.retailing
3.postalservice
4.competitive
5.trend
6.liberalization
7.deregulation
8.privatization
9.infrastructure
10.distribute
11.monopolistic
UNIT012
Anaspiringmasterwouldhavetopassthroughthecareerchainfromapprenticetojourneymanbeforehe/shecouldbeelectedtobecomeamastercraftsman.He/Shewouldthenhavetoproduceasumofmoneyandamasterpiecebeforehe/shecouldactuallyjointheguide.
1.aspiring
2.mater
3.passthrough
4.apprentice
5.journeyman
6.masterpiece
7.actually
8.guide
UNIT013
Acraftspersonwhoperhapshasatfirstsoldcraftitemsonlytofriendsoratlocalbazaarsmayfindthatincreaseddemandleadstoawiderclienteleandsalesbyrailorder,atcraftfairs,orthroughashop.
1.craft
2.bazaar
3.clientele
4.fair
UNIT014
Thereisafinelineofdistinctionbetweencraftsproducedbyamateurhobbyistsfortheirpersonalsatisfactionsandthosemadebygiftedartisanswithaviewtowardtheuseandenjoymentofothers.
1.fine
2.distinction
3.amateurhobbyist
4.artisan
UNIT015
Fabricweavinginvolvesinterlacingwarpandweft.Theyarnthreadsofwarparearrangedparalleltooneanotherandheldintensiononaloom,whilethesinglethreadweftspassoverorunderthewarpthreadstocreateasolidorpatternedpieceofcloths.Tocreatelargerpieces,atreadleloomisusuallyneeded.
1.fabricweaving
2.involve
3.interlace
4.warp
5.weft
6.yarnthread
7.parallel
8.tension
9.loom
10.solid
11.treadleloom
UNIT016
Basketryisthecraftofmakingbasketsandbags,mats,rugs,andotheritemsthroughweaving,plaiting,andcoilingtechniques,usingmaterialssuchasreed,cane,rush,sisal,fiber,ash-woodsplints,andropestwistedfromstrandsofhemp.
1.basketry
2.mat
3.rug
4.plait
5.coil
6.reed
7.cane
8.rush
9.sisal
10.fiber
11.ash-wood
12.splint
13.twist
14.strand
15.hemp
UNIT017
Inornamentalknotting,cotton,linen,orjutecordisusedtomakebags,wallhangings,andcontainers.
1.ornamental
2.knotting
3.cotton
4.linen
5.jutecord
6.wallhanging
UNIT018
Inquilting,threelayersoffabric(adecorativetoplayer,filler,andaliner)arestitchedortiedtogether.
1.quilt
2.quilting
3.layer
4.decorative
5.filler
6.liner
7.stitch
UNIT019
Manyusefulobjectscanbefashionedfromleather,usingsuchspecialtoolsasleathershears,punchesforcarvingthickleather,throngingchisels,andlacingneedles.
1.fashion
2.leather
3.shear
4.punch
5.carve
6.thong
7.chisel
8.lace
9.needle
UNIT020
Ceramicobjectscanbemoldedcompletelybyhandorthrownonapotter’swheel.Whentheclayhardens,itisfiredinahigh-temperatureoven,orkiln,tostrengthenit.Tomaketheobjectwaterproof,glazesmaythenbeappliedandthepiecefiredagain.
1.ceramic
2.mold
3.throw
4.potter’swheel
5.clay
6.oven
7.kiln
8.waterproof
9.glaze
UNIT021
Suchfabricwoodworkingtechniquesassewing,joining,andfishingcanbeemployedtomakeawidevarietyofusefulandornamentalobjects,fromjewelryboxestopictureframes.
1.woodworking
2.sawing
3.joining
4.finishing
5.ornamental
6.pictureframe
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- 托福 IBT 词汇 分类 突破