青岛大学硕士研究生入学考试基础英语2试题.docx
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青岛大学硕士研究生入学考试基础英语2试题.docx
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青岛大学硕士研究生入学考试基础英语2试题
青岛大学2015年硕士研究生入学考试试题
科目代码:
622科目名称:
基础英语
(2)(共12页)
请考生写明题号,将答案全部答在答题纸上,答在试卷上无效
PartI.Cloze(20points)
Directions:
Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoumustchoosetheONEthatbest
fitsintothepassage.
Learningtheoristsemphasizetheroleofenvironmentalinfluencesin
shapingthewayapersondevelops.
1theirview,childdevelopmentis
guidedbybothdeliberateand2
learningexperiencesinthehome,peer
groups,school,andcommunity.Therefore,childhoodgrowthissignificantly
3
bytheeffortsofparents,teachers,andothersto
4
childrenin
desirableways.Accordingtolearningtheories,thesame
5
thatexplain
howpeoplecanuseabicycleorcomputeralsoexplainhowchildrenacquire
socialskills,emotionalself-control,reasoningstrategies,andthe
6
skills
ofwalkingandrunning.
Onekindoflearningoccurswhenachild’sactionsare7
byareward
orpunishment.Areward,alsocalledareinforcer,increasestheprobabilitythat
behaviorwillberepeated.Forexample,ayoungchildmay
8
draw
picturesbecauseshereceivespraisefromherparentsafter9
eachone.A
punishmentdecreasestheprobabilitythatbehaviorwillberepeated.Forexample,achildwhotouchesahotstoveandburnshisfingertipsisnot10totouchthestoveagain.
11kindoflearning,classicalconditioning,occurswhenaperson
makesa12associationbetweentwoevents.Forexample,babiesbegin
suckingwhentheyareputinafamiliarnursing13,childrenfeardogs
whosebarkinghasstartledtheminthepast.Athirdkindoflearning
14
of
imitatingthebehaviorofothers.Aboymayacquirehisfather’s
15
of
1
talking,hismother’stendencytorollhereyes,andhisfavoritebasketball
player’smoves16thecourt.Indoingso,healsoacquires17
abouttheconsequencesofthesebehaviors.
Learningtheoriesprovideextremelyusefulwaysofunderstandinghow
developmentalchangesinbehaviorandthinking18and,forsome
children,whybehaviorproblemsarise.Thesetheoriescanbestudied
scientificallyandpracticallyapplied.Criticspointout,
19,thatlearning
theoriessometimesneglectchildren’s
20
roleintheirownunderstanding
anddevelopment.
1.A.With
B.From
C.For
D.In
2.A.unintended
B.uninvolved
C.undiscovered
D.unlimited
3.A.achieved
B.created
C.developed
D.shaped
4.A.moralize
B.recognize
C.socialize
D.standardize
5.A.considerations
B.instructions
C.principles
D.tendencies
6.A.physical
B.personal
C.original
D.technical
7.A.directed
B.followed
C.pursued
D.tracked
8.A.continuously
B.immediately
C.occasionally
D.regularly
9.A.completing
B.fulfilling
C.handling
D.obtaining
10.A.liable
B.likely
C.possible
D.ready
11.A.Another
B.Next
C.One
D.Other
12.A.emotional
B.intellectual
C.mental
D.spiritual
13.A.condition
B.location
C.posture
D.situation
14.A.contains
B.consists
C.comprises
D.composes
15.A.custom
B.means
C.type
D.style
16.A.over
B.on
C.in
D.at
17.A.estimations
B.evaluations
C.explorations
D.expectations
18.A.appear
B.emerge
C.exist
D.occur
19.A.accordingly
B.however
C.moreover
D.therefore
20.A.active
B.dominant
C.positive
D.social
2
PartII.ReadingComprehension(40points)
Directions:
Therearethreepassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestions.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswer.
PassageOne
Shoppinghasbecomeacloak-and-daggeraffair.Conspicuousconsumptiondoesnotlookgoodduringarecession,whichexplainswhysomanyofusareembracinge-commerce.Onlineshoppingontheseshoresisprojectedtogrowfromsalesof£8.9bntoaround£21.3bnbytheendof2011.
Oftenpeopleproclaimthey’veembracede-commercebecauseit’s“green”.Thisisunderstandable.Ifmanyshoppingbagsinarecessionlookbad,bricksandmortarretail---hugeout-of-townshoppingcenters,retailemporiathatinsistonleavingtheirdoorsopeneveninwinterandgrocerystoresfullofthemostinefficientfreezers---lookterribleduringanecologicalemergency.
Shouldwebuytheideathate-commerceisanybetter?
Severalstudieshavetriedtoanswerthiswithcold,harddata.
A2000studyonWebvan,anowdefunctUSonlinegrocer,concludedthatawideradoptionofe-commercewouldnotgiveusenvironmentalgains,whilea2002studyofUSbookretailingfoundnogreaterenergysavingssellingonline.Butthestudythatalle-tailersaretalkingaboutisanewonefromCarnegieMellonUniversity,whichhasfoundthatshoppingonlineviaB’se-commercemodelforelectronicproductsuses35percentlessenergyconsumptionandCO2emissionsthanatraditionalbricks-and-mortarmodel.
Thisislargelybecauseitavoidstheusualretaildistributionmodeland,ofcourse,theimpactofconsumersdrivingtoastore(theaveragepersondrives14milesintotal,topurchasethreeitems).
Butbothmodelsareflawed,becauseonlineoronthestreet,retailersaredependentonahydrocarbon-fuelleddeliverysystem.Trucksdeliver4.8mtonsoffreighteachdayintheUK,whichworksoutatabout80kgperperson.Tomakemattersworse,afteratruckdropsoffthegoodsitoftenreturnsemptyto
3
thedepot.A2002studyof20,000haulagetripsfoundthatonly2.4%ofreturnjourneylegsfoundsuitablebackloads.Thisjourneyrepresentsalargepartoftheimpactofwhatwebuy.
Onlineshoppingmayprovemarginallymoregreenintermsofenergysaving(oftenastrategythatfavorshomogenized,multinationalretail),butweshouldn’tforgetprogressivebricks-and-mortarretail.PlacessuchasLudlowinShropshire,afairtradetownbasedonethicaltradingideas,wheretheindependentstreethasbeenhardwon.Itbringsconsumersfacetofacewithproductswithanequitableback-story,shortenedsupplychainandwithvalues.Thisisawiserandwiderretailexperience;anythingelsecouldleaveyoufeelingshortchanged.
21.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTmentionedasthereasonsforpeople’sembracinge-commerce?
A)Shoppinghasbecomeasecretaffair.
B)Conspicuousconsumptiondoesnotlookgoodduringarecession.
C)E-commerceis“green”.
D)Onlineshoppingismoreconvenient.
22.Whatwastheresultofthe2002studyofUSbookretailing?
A)Therewasnogreaterenergysavingssellingonline.
B)E-commercewouldgiveusenvironmentalgains.
C)Onlineshoppingisprojectedtogrowgreatly.
D)Shoppingonlineuses35percentlessenergyconsumptionandCO2emissionsthanatraditionalbricks-and-mortarmodel.
23.WhichofthefollowingstatementscanexplaintheresearchfindingsfromCarnegieMellonUniversity?
A)Onlineshoppingoftenallowsyoutoavoidcompulsiveshopping.
B)Onlineshoppingavoidstheusualretaildistributionmodeland,ofcourse,theimpactofconsumersdrivingtoastore.
C)Only2.4%ofreturnjourneylegsfoundsuitablebackloads.
D)Onlineshoppingisnotdependentonahydrocarbon-fuelleddelivery
4
system.
24.Whataretheadvantagesofbricks-and-mortarretail?
A)Itbringsconsumersfacetofacewithproductswithanequitableback-story,shortenedsupplychainandwithvalues.
B)Consumerswillneverbecheated.
C)Thebricks-and-mortarretailmodelismoresuitableforconsumers.
D)Thebricks-and-mortarretailmodeluseslessenergy.
25.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsonlineshoppingandbricks-and-mortarretail?
A)Onlineshoppingisbetterthanbricks-and-mortarretail.
B)Onlineshoppingmayprovemarginallygreenerintermsofenergysaving,butthetraditionalbricks-and-mortarmodelalsohasitsadvantages.
C)Thetraditionalbricks-and-mortarmodelismoretrustworthybecauseconsumerscanseetheproductsdirectly.
D)Onlineshoppingwilltaketheplaceofthetraditionalbricks-and-mortarmodel.
PassageTwo
Howwelookandhowweappeartoothersprobablyworriesusmorewhenweareinourteensorearlytwentiesthanatanyothertimeinourlife.Fewofusarecontenttoacceptourselvesasweare,andfewarebraveenoughtoignorethetrendsoffashion.
MostfashionmagazinesorTVadvertisementstrytopersuadeusthatweshoulddressinacertainwayorbehaveinacertainmanner.Ifwedo,theytellus,wewillbeabletomeetnewpeoplewithconfidenceanddealwitheverysituationconfidentlyandwithoutembarrassment.Changingfashion,ofcourse,doesnotapplyjusttodress.Abarbertodaydoesnotcutaboy’shairinthesamewayasheusedto,andgirlsdonotmakeupinthesamewayastheirmothersandgrandmothersdid.Theadvertisersshowusthelatestfashionablestylesandweareconstantlyunderpressuretofollowthefashionincaseour
5
friendsthinkweareoddordull.
Whatcausesfashionstochange?
Sometimesconvenienceorpracticalnecessityorjustthefancyofaninfluentialpersoncanestablishafashion.Takehatsforexample.Incoldclimates,earlybuildingswerecoldinside,sopeopleworehatsindoorsaswellasoutside.Inrecenttimes,thelatePresidentKennedycausedadepressionintheAmericanhatindustrybynotwearinghats:
moreAmericanmenhavefollowedexample.
Thereisalsoacyclicalpatterninfashion.Inthe1920sinEuropeandAmerica,shortskirtsbecamefashionable.AfterWorldWarⅡ,theydroppedtoanklelength.Thentheygotshorterandshorteruntiltheminiskirtwasinfashion.Afterafewmoreyears,skirtsbecamelongeragain.
Today,
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