住宅项目工程造价外文文献翻译最新.docx
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住宅项目工程造价外文文献翻译最新.docx
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住宅项目工程造价外文文献翻译最新
住宅项目工程造价外文文献翻译
英文
Examiningtheroleofvaluemanagementincontrollingcostoverrun[applicationonresidentialconstructionprojectsinEgypt]
LailaKhodeira,AlaaGhandour
Abstract
Actualcostofconstructionprojectsgenerallydiffersfromplannedcost,wherethiscouldreachavaluebetween21%and55%.InResidentialconstruction,costoverrunsformacrucialproblem.AsuggestedmethodologytomitigatethisproblemisValueManagement(VM),whichhasproventobeaneffectiveapproach.Thus,themainobjectiveofthispaperistoexaminetheroleofVMinControllingCostOverrun,withspecialreferencetoResidentialProjectsinEgypt.Aliteraturereviewwasappliedonthebasicsofprojectcostimplementation.Inaddition,aqualitativeanalysisofcasestudieswasperformed.Finally,aquestionnairesurveythatassessedtheimpactofapplyingVEonResidentialprojectsinEgyptwasperformed.FindingsofthispaperhighlightedthevalueaddedfromapplyingMethodologiesofVM,whereitwasobservedthatitcouldachieve15–40%savingsofthetotalprojectcost.
Keywords:
Costmanagement,ResidentialConstruction,Valuemanagement,Costoverrun
Introduction
Thecommonlyknowndefinitionoftheterm“ProjectCost”isthefinancialsumneededtoaccomplishtheproductionofconstruction-relatedproducts;forexample,buildings.Thecostofanybuildingcontractor-relatedprojectisarepresentationofallthoseitemsunderthenameof“expenditures”.Ingeneral,project'scostisdeterminedbyquantitativeassessmentsoftheexpectedsumamountofresourcesrequiredtoaccomplishallnecessaryactivities;labor,materials,supplies,etc.Thus,theproject'scostisallabouttheamountofcashthatistobepaidforthesakeofcompletionofallactivitiesconcerningthisparticularproject.Movingontocostoverrun,itcansimplybeestimatedbydividingthechangeinthecontractamountbythecontractawardamount.Therefore,CostOverrun = FinalActualCost − OriginalEstimatedBudgetCost.Itcanalsobedefinedas“excessofactualcostoverbudget”.CostOverrunisalsoreferredtoas“CostEscalation”,“CostIncrease”,or“BudgetsOverrun”.
Thispaperismainlyconcernedwithcontrolprocessesoftheconstructionprojectscostoverruns.ThemainobjectiveofthispaperisthustoexaminetheroleofValueManagement(VM)incontrollingsuchoverrun,withspecialreferencetoresidentialprojectsinEgypt.Inaddition,thepaperattemptstoidentifythedeterminantsandbasisofthetotalcostofimplementingsuchtypeofprojects,thatcanhelpinreducingthegapbetweentheestimated/plannedtimeandactualtimeandcostofresidentialconstructionalprojectsimplementation.Thispapersuggeststheusageofvaluemanagementapproachwhichisbasedonstructuredstepsandphasesthatfinallyaimatreachingafairbalancingofcostandquality.
Historically,valuemanagementemergedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaasaresultofrunningoutofmaterialsusedinmanufacturingduringWorldWarII.Mr.LawrenceMiles(founderofValueManagement,thenknownasValueAnalysis)ofGeneralElectricwashugelyresponsibleforthistechnique'screationin1942,andsincethenithasbeenapreferredmethodinawiderangeofindustries.Currently,theUSgovernmentandothercountriesastheUK,Australia,KSA,Japan,andKorearelyonthe“ValueManagement”amongothercountries,anditisexpectedthatsuchtechnologywillhaveavitalrolewithincapitalprojects.
Literaturereview
Thefirststeptowardsachievingtheaimofthisresearchisundergoingacomprehensiveliteraturereviewofrecentresearchesthatdealtwiththeconceptsofcostoverruns,ValuemanagementandthesignificanceofresidentialconstructionprojectsinEgypt.
Definingcostoverrun
Theterm“CostOverrun”canbedefinedasthestatewhen:
“whenthefinalcostoftheprojectexceedstheoriginalestimates”.Thecosthasnodoubtproventobeanessentialcomponenttoaccomplishanyproject'ssuccess,aswellasoneofthemostfactorsthatimpacttheproject'squality.Itisbelievedthatconstructionprojectsshouldbeexperiencinganincreaseofabout33%onaverage.Accordingtoacomprehensiveresearchthatwasperformedoncostoverrunsininternationalconstructionprojects,itwasdiscoveredthat9outof10projectshavepassedthepreviouslysetestimations,50–100%excesseswerepostulatedtobecommonandhadaconstantfor70 yearsthroughwhichdatawasavailable.
Inmostdevelopingcountries,thetrendisdifferent;attimesprojectsreachasmuchasa100%ofcostvariance.Lowqualitymaterialsmighthaveaclearimpactonconstructioncost,evenhigherthantheexpected/estimated,whichismainlycausedbymateriallossduringtheimplementationprocess.Thisproblems,andothersaretheresultantoflackofstandardsthatcouldmitigatecostoverrunanddecreaseconstructioncosts,causingmanyconstructionfirmstofail.Therefore,thedevelopmentofanaccuratecostmanagementstrategyisessential,moreover,theapplicationofthestrategyof,“ProactiveCostManagement”willbethewaythrough.
Oneofthemostimportantandlargelyimpactingfactorsintheprojectmanagement'slifecycleis“Cost”;itcanbeconsideredasadriveroftheprojectsuccess.Asidefromitspreviouslyprovedvitality,itisveryredundanttowitnessthefailureofaproject'sobjectiveachievementwithinthepreviouslysetcost.Costdeviationfromtheinitialplanisdominatinginmostconstructionprojectsites.However,therewerenotenougheffortsexertedtoeliminatethisprovedphenomenon.
Inthecomingpartofthisresearchattemptstocloselystudy,search,identifyandestimatetheimportanceofdifferentfactorsthatcouldaffectcostdeviationandvariancewithinEgyptianresidentialprojectsaccordingtotheirimpactandimportancerespectively;italsoofferspossiblemethodologiestogetalongwiththisvastspreadphenomenon.
ResidentialprojectsinEgypt
OneofthemostcurrentactiveindustriesintheEgyptianeconomyistheconstructionindustry,astheresidentialunitscontinuetogrowrapidlytocopewiththeexpansionofthepopulationinEgypt.Thecompositionofthecountry'spopulationisoneofthemostaggressivecontributorstotheboomingofthiskindofprojects.Constructionprojectsconsistofcomplexoperationsthatcannotbepredicted.Itisaswellveryscarcetofindunchangedconstructionprojectsintermsofdifferentaspectsoftheprocess.This,ofcourse,leadstoquiteanoticeablevariationorders,whichinturncausescostoverrun,timedelay,qualitydefectsandothernegativeimpacts.Moreover,theyleadaswelltotheuncertaintyofflowprocessesandtheincreaseofnon-value-addingprocesseswhichreducethevalueoftheoutput.
Definitionofvaluemanagementmethodology
TodefinetheVMmethodology,itcouldbedescribedasastructuredand systematicmethodology whichimprovesprojects'end-productsandactivities.ThemainfunctionofVMmethodologyistoanalyzeproductschangesinconstructionanddesignprojects.Inthemeanwhile,managementprocessesaswellasbusinesshelpto equilibrate tasksthatarenecessary,alongwithcostandotherresourcesneededtoaccomplish.Tosumup,“ValueMethodology”isthefoundationof“ValueAnalysis”,“ValueManagement”and“ValueEngineering”.“ValueanalysisisasystemofthinkingbasedonthefunctionofIdentifyingandeliminatingallunnecessarycostswhilemaintainingalltypesofqualityinanyindustry,constructionorserviceoranywherethedollarisspent”.
“ValueEngineeringisamanagementtechniqueinstalledusingastructuredapproachtofindthebestfunctionalbalancebetweenlostreliabilityandproductperformanceorenterprisesearchprogramstoimprovemanagementcapacityofpeopleandpromotegradualchangebyidentifyingandtransferringunnecessarycosts”.The“ValueEngineering”methodologyformulatedbySAVE'susageisnotwide-spreadinEgypt,awingtothefactthattheorganizationsarenotawareofitanddon’tputanefforttounderstanditproperly.Theriskistakenbypractitionersthemselves,astheirmainaimistoreducecost,soothercomponentfunctionsgetaffectedaswell.Inaddition,creativealternativesdonotseemtobeprovidedduetothecompositionofteamsthatarenon-coordinated,althoughtheformulationofteamsdetermineswhethervalueengineeringistosucceedorfail .
AnalysisoftheapplicationofVMonresidentialprojectsexamples
Informationphase
inthisphase,TheVMteamleaderhaspreparedacostmodelfromtheassessedcostprovidedbytheproject'steam.Themodelisbeneficialintheidentificationofthemajorconstructiontradecategories,theestimatedcostthatwillberequiredbythedesigner,andfinallythetotalprojectcostforsignificantcostitems'percentage.Bytheendofthisphase,thecostdriversalreadyhaveaclearvisionfortheprojectbycostmodelsandcontinuetoguidetheVMteamduringtheVMstudy.
Intheanalyzedexampleprojects,theVMteamhadspecificobservationsregardingprojectscosts.Theseincludetheimportanceofproducingagenericstudyregardingtheproject'selementsasawholeandtheircostratiotothatofthewholeproject,sothatthecostofeachitemisrecordedandalldataregardingthisprojectisdetailed.Withinthisstage,reviewingofthedrawingsassociatedwithquantitiesandqualitytableswerenecessarilycheckedin.Inaddition,thedeterminationoftheeffectofeachitemonthebusinesstotalcostshouldbeperformed.Finally,theitemswithgreatimpactshouldbedeterminedandenteredintrialsofevaluation.
Functionanalysisphase
Theimportanceoffunctionalanalysisistheproductionofauniqueviewfortheprojectstudy,anditistheessenti
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