发展和鼓励可再生能源技术翻译secret.docx
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发展和鼓励可再生能源技术翻译secret.docx
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发展和鼓励可再生能源技术翻译secret
DevelopmentandEncouragementof
renewableenergytechnologies
1.1ProjectBackground
Sinceitsinceptioninthe1970s,theU.S.DepartmentofEnergy(DOE)hasoperatedasubstantialprograminthedevelopmentandencouragementofrenewableenergytechnologies.Aspartofitsongoingefforttodocumentthestatusandpotentialofthesetechnologies,DOE,alongwithitsnationallaboratoriesandsupportorganizations,developedthefirstsetofRenewableEnergyTechnologyCharacterizations(TCs)in1989.TheTCsweredesignedtorespondtoDOE’sneedforasetofconsistentcostandperformancedatatosupportthedevelopmentofthebiennialNationalEnergyPolicyPlans.ThatfirstsetofTCswassubsequentlyusedtosupporttheanalysesthatwereperformedin1991byDOEfortheNationalEnergyStrategy.TheTCswereupdatedin1993,butuntilnowhadnotbeenformallypublishedandexistedonlyindraftform.
TheElectricPowerResearchInstitute(EPRI),operatingonbehalfofitsmemberutilities,hasconductedaprogramintheassessment,evaluationandadvancementofrenewablepowertechnologiessincethemid-1970s.Inthatrole,EPRIhasbeencalleduponbyitsmembers,andoftenbytheenergycommunityingeneral,toprovideobjectiveinformationonthestatusandoutlookforrenewablesinprospectiveelectric-powerapplications.Towardthataim,EPRIhasjoinedwithDOEtoproducethissetofRenewableEnergyTechnologyCharacterizations.
ThisjointprojectisoneofanumberofactivitiesthatDOEandEPRIareconductingunderthejointDOE-EPRISustainableElectricPartnershipenteredintoformallybybothorganizationsinOctober1994.ItbuildsuponanumberofactivitiesconductedjointlybyDOEandEPRIoverthepasttwodecades.
1.2Objectives,ApproachandScope
PurposeandAudience:
Inresponsetogrowinginterestinrenewablepowertechnologiesandtheneedforconsistent,objectiveassessmentsoftechnologyperformanceandcosts,DOEandEPRIcollaboratedtopreparetheRenewableEnergyTechnologyCharacterizations(TCs)presentedinthisdocument.Together,throughthisdocument,DOEandEPRIaimtoprovidefortheenergycommunityandthegeneralpublicanobjectivepictureofthestatusandexpectationsfortherenewablepowertechnologiesinelectric-powerapplicationsintheUnitedStates.TheseTCs
representaconsensusbetweenDOEandEPRIonthecurrentstatusandprojecteddevelopmentpathoffiverenewableelectricitygeneratingtechnologies:
biomass,geothermal,photovoltaics,solarthermalandwind.Inaddition,recognizingtherolethatstoragecanplayinenhancingthevalueofsomerenewablepowerplants,aTCforstoragetechnologies,withastrongemphasisonbatteries,isincludedinanappendix.TheTCscanservetwodistinctpurposes.First,theyaredesignedtobeareferencetoolforenergy-policyanalystsandpower-systemplannersseekingobjectivecostandperformancedata.Second,theextensivediscussionsoftheassumptionsthatunderliethedataprovidevaluableinsightsforR&DprogramplannersastheystrivetoprioritizefutureR&Defforts.
Approach:
Buildingonthebestavailableinformationandexperiencefrommanyyearsofdirectinvolvementinthedevelopmentandassessmentofrenewableenergytechnologies,expertsfromDOE,itsnationallaboratoriesandsupportorganizationspreparedcharacterizationsofthemajorrenewabletechnologies.Theseweresubjectedtoin-depthreviewbyEPRItechnicalstaffinrenewablesandselectedoutsidereviewers,andthendiscussedatlengthintwotechnicalworkshopsinvolvingthewritersandthereviewers.Thecharacterizationswerethenrevised,reflectingdiscussionsatandsubsequenttotheworkshops,resultinginthisconsensusdocument.Insomecases,EPRIstaffparticipatedinpreparationofoverviewsections.
DocumentScope:
TheTCsdonotdescribespecificproductsorhardwareconfigurations.Theydescribetypicalsystemconfigurationsatfiveyearincrementsthroughtheyear2030,basedonaprojectedevolutionofthetechnologiesduring1-2thattimeframe.Theyoftenportraychangesinexpectedtechnologyconfigurationovertime.Allowingachangingconfigurationensuresthat,ineachtimeframediscussed,theTCrepresentsthemostcost-effectiveconfigurationprojectedtobeavailableinthattimeframe.Forexample,thesolarthermalpowertowerevolvesfromahybridplantwithaconventionalreceivertoasolar-onlyplantwithanadvancedreceiver.TheTCsdonotattempttopickwinnersamongavarietyofchoices.Inthatspirit,thinfilmPVsystemsare,forexample,describedonlyinagenericway,notspecifyinganyparticularthinfilmtechnologyinanygiventimeframe.ThisviewofthetechnologyfuturemirrorstheR&DportfolioapproachthatDOEtakes,allowingthetechnologyitselfandthemarketplacetodeterminewinnersandlosers.
EachTCshouldbethoughtofasadescriptionofthattechnologyinaparticularapplication,
typicallyasagridconnectedsystemforbulkpowersupply.However,someTCsdobrieflydescribeotherapplicationsthatcouldusesubstantiallythesametechnologyconfiguration.
TheseTCsdifferfromEPRI’sTechnicalAssessmentGuide(TAG™)inthattheyprovidemoreextensivediscussionsoftheexpectedtechnologyevolutionthrough2030.However,thecostandperformancedatapresentedherearebeingusedasabasisforTAG™revisionsthatarecurrentlyinprogress.
SimilartotheTAG™,theseTCsdonotdescribearecommendedeconomicanalysismethodology,butinsteaddescribevariousapproachesthatcouldbetakentocalculatelevelizedcostofenergyorotherappropriatefinancialfiguresofmerit.Theseapproachesspanarangeofpossibleownershipscenariosinaderegulatedutilityenvironment.
CautionaryNote:
Thecostandperformanceinformationpresentedrepresentthebestjudgmentsoftheindividualsinvolvedinthepreparationandreviewofthisdocument.Asthesetechnologiesenterthecommercialmarketplace,normalcompetitiveforcesandcommercialexperiencemayhaveimpactsthataredifficulttopredictatthistime.Forexample,thereareindicationsthatpricesforsomeconventionalpower-plantcomponentsandassociatedengineeringservicesaredroppingascompetitioninpowergenerationbecomesmorewidespread.Basedonveryrecentcommercialexperience,thistrendisalreadyreflectedinthegeothermal-hydrothermalflash-steamplantcostspresentedinthisdocument.Similarcostimpactsmaybeobservedinotherrenewablepowerplantsemployingconventionalthermalgenerationcomponentsoncethetechnologiesbecomeestablishedsufficientlytoattractmultiplecommercialsuppliers.Readersareurgedtousecautioninapplyingnumericaldatafromthisdocumentincommercialsituationswithoutconsultingengineeringfirmsactivelyinvolvedinthecommercialmarketplace.
RelationshiptoOngoingRenewablesProgramsatDOEandEPRI
Thetechnologiesdiscussedinthisdocumentareconsideredbytherenewablescommunity,andbythemanagementsoftheDOEandEPRIrenewablesprograms,tohavegoodpotentialforcontributingsignificantlytotheU.S.electricalenergysupply.Consequently,thesetechnologiescontinuetoreceivetechnicalandmarket-developmentsupportwithintheprogramsofDOEandEPRI.Ofcourse,thereisnoguaranteethatallofthesetechnologieswilldevelopandcontributeasprojectedinthisdocument.Rather,theirindividualprospectsandroleswilldependnotonly
onthedegreeofsupportreceived,butalsoonthepaceofprogressandonsocietalneedsandpriorities.Ultimately,themarketplace,reflectingbothcommercialandsocietalforces,willdecide.
Development-SupportAssumption
Theprojectedprogressforthesetechnologiesisbasedontheassumptionthatrobustprogramscontinueinbothtechnologyandmarketdevelopment.Ingeneral,theseprogramsneedbothpublicandprivatesectorsupport,withthebalanceshiftingmoretowardthecommercialsectorastechnicalmaturityisapproached.Ifsupportforaparticulartechnologyiscurtailed,thentheprojectedprogressalmostcertainlywillnotoccur.
1.3GenericBenefitsandIssues
Thebenefitsofusingrenewableenergyresourcesaremany.Mostofthesebenefitsarisefromtheirvirtuallyinexhaustiblenature.Solarandwindresourcesarereplenishedonadailybasis.Biomasscanbegrownthroughmanagedagriculturalprogramstoprovidecontinuoussourcesoffuel.Geothermalpowerisextractedfromthevirtuallyunlimitedthermalenergyintheearth’scrust.RenewableenergyresourcesarebroadlyavailableacrosstheU.S.Certainregions,however,tendtohavemoreaccessibleresourceofonetypethananother.Figure1illustratesthisdiversity.Forexample,intheMidwest,biomassandwindresourcesareexcellent,asisthesolarradiationneededforflat-platephotovoltaics.IntheSouthwest,highlevelsofdirectnormalinsolationare
ideallysuitedtosolarthermalandsunlight-concentrationphotovoltaictechnologies.GeothermalresourcesareconcentratedinthewesternpartsoftheU.S.Theavailabilityofeachoftherenewableresourcesisexploredfurtherinthetechnologyoverviewsinthisdocument.
Thebenefitsofrenewableenergyextendbeyondabundanceanddiversity.Asindigenousresources,theyfosterbothlocalcontrolandeconomicgrowth.Aninvestmentinrenewableenergycontributestolocaleconomicsecurity.Inaddition,theincorporationofrenewablesinagenerationportfoliomayreducetherisksassociatedwithfluctuatingfossil-fuelpricesandsupplies.
Asrenewableenergytechnologiesbecomemorecost-competitive,theirtrueeconomicbenefitsarebeingrealized.Sincemanyrenewableenergyplantsdonotneedtobebuiltinlargescaletoachievethelowestpossibleplantcosts,theycanbe
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