参考语法中的时态部分.docx
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参考语法中的时态部分.docx
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参考语法中的时态部分
ChapterThirteen
Theverbphrase(5):
Tenseandaspect
APresentandpasttense,progressiveandperfectiveaspect
13.1
TherearetwomaintensesinEnglish—presentandpast.Eachtensecanhaveasimpleform;andeachcanbecombinedwitheitherprogressiveaspectorwithperfectiveaspect,orwithboth,thus:
PRESENTPAST
a.simple:
IplayIplayed
b.progressive:
IamplayingIwasplaying
c.perfect:
IhaveplayedIhadplayed
d.perfect-progressive:
IhavebeenplayingIhadbeenplaying
Thosearetheformsfortheactivevoice.Theformsforthepassiveare:
a.IamaskedIwasasked
b.IambeingaskedIwasbeingasked
c.IhavebeenaskedIhadbeenasked
d.(Theperfect-progressiveisrarelyusedinthepassive.)
Waysofreferringtothefuturearcdealtwithin13.25—36.
stativeverbs
13.2
Stativeverbsarenormallyfoundonlyinthenon-progressiveforms.Stativeverbsinclude:
aBEandHAVE,asin
IGoaway.Wearebusy.Wehavealotofworktodo.
ButBEmeaning‘act(inacertainway)’,andHAVEmeaningsomethingotherthan‘possess’,canbeusedintheprogressive,e.g.:
2Waitforme.Youarebeingimpatient.(=actingimpatiently)Iamstillhavingmybreakfast.
APresentandpasttense,progressiveandperfectiveaspect
bverbswhichcontaintheideaofbeingorhaving,e.g.
APPLYTOmeaning‘betrueof’or‘havereferenceto’
BELONGTOmeaning‘bethepropertyof’
COMPAREmeaning‘belike’or‘beasgoodas’
CONCERNmeaning‘beofimportanceto’
CONTAINmeaning‘have’or‘hold’
COSTmeaning‘beequalinvalueto’
DEPENDONmeaning‘hedependenton’
DESERVEmeaning‘heworthyof
DIFFERFROMmeaning‘bedifferentfrom’
EXISTmeaning‘be’
HOLDmeaning‘have’
INTERESTmeaning‘beinterestingfor’
MATTERmeaning‘beofimportance’
MEASUREmeaning‘beofacertainlengthetc.’
OWNmeaning‘have’
POSSESSmeaning‘have’
RESEMBLEmeaning‘belike’
STANDFORmeaning‘beasubstitutefor’
WEIGHmeaning‘beofacertainweight’
Examples:
3Thisruleappliestoeveryone.
4Thiscamerabelongstome.
5Myrosesdonotcomparewithyours
7Howmuchdoesthisbookcost?
8Whetherthemeetingwillbehe1dornotdependsonyou.
6Thismatterconcernsyou.Ithink.
9Ihopeyouwin.Youcertainlydeserveto.
10Myanswerdiffersfromyoursineverydetail.
IIMammothsdonotexistinthemodernworld.
12Howmanypeopledoesthishailhold?
13Archaeologyinterestsmeverymuch.
14Itdoesn’tmattertomewhetheryoulikeitornot.
15Thisroommeasuresfivemetresbyfour.
16Manpeopleinthiscountryownthehousestheylivein.
17IowesuchqualitiesasIpossesstomyparents.
18Georgeresembleshisfatherinthewayhewalks.
19Thesign+standsforplus.
20Iweighsixty-fivekilos.Howmuchdoyou(weigh)?
Someoftheverbsinexamples[3-201canalsorefertoactivity,inwhichcasetheycanfreelybeusedintheprogressive,e.g.
21Iamapplying(=makingapplication)toyouforassistance.
22Iamapplyingthisointmenttothewoundtoeasethepain.
23Inthisbook,theauthoriscomparingXwithY.
24Wearedepending(relying)onyoutohelpus.
25Holdyouranout--I’mjustmeasuringyoursleeve.
26You’renotholdingyourarmoutstraight.
27Inthedisasterarea,Peopleareexisting(=keepingthemselvesalive)onwhatscrapsoffoodtheycanfind.
cverbsreferringtoaninvoluntaryreactionofthesenses:
feelhearseesmelltaste
HEARandSEErefertoinvoluntaryreactionswhichcorrespondtothedeliberateactsoflisteningandlooking.FEELSMELLandTASTEcanrefertoboththeinvoluntaryreactionandtothevoluntary,deliberateact.Thus:
VOLUNTARYINVOLUNTARY
I’mlisteningtoyouIhearyou
I’mlookingatyouIseeyou
I’mfeelingthisCushionIfeelapininitsomewhere
I’msmellingthisflowerIsmellgas.Itsmellsawful
I’mtastingthissoupItastepepper.Ittasteshot.
CANoftenoccursbeforethefiveverbsintherighthandColumn,e.g.ICanhear,see,feel,smelltastesomething.FEELcanoccurfreelyinthesimpletenseorintheprogressivewhenitreferstoone’sownphysicalcondition,asin
don’tfeelhungry
28I‘mnotfeelingverytired
Well
dverbsreferringtomentaloremotionalstates:
assumebelievecareconsiderdetest
envyfearfeel(=think)find(=consider)forget
hatehoperegretremembersuggest
supposethinkunderstandwantwishknowlike
lovemeanmindnoticeexpectimagineprefer
Noticethedifferencebetweenthefollowingpairs:
29aWeconsider(=believe)himtobeveryloyal.
bWeareconsidering(=studying)yourapplication.
30aIexpect(=suppose)you’rerathertired.
bIamexpecting(=waitingfor)avisitor.
3laIfeel(=think)you’reright.
bI’mfeelingveryhungry.
32aDoesanyonemind(=object)ifIopenthewindow?
bIsanyoneminding(=lookingafter)thebabywhileyou’reout?
33aIthink(believe)he’scrazy.
bBequiet.I’mthinking(=givingthoughttoaproblem).
13.3
Notethatstativeverbsdonotnormallyoccurintheprogressive.Butitispossibleforanyofthemtobeusedintheprogressiveprovidedthespeakerisemphasizingtheideaofanuncompletedinvoluntaryact,orincompletephysicalormentalstate,asin
34Somethingiswrongwithmyeyes.I’mseeingdouble.
35I’mforgetting(=beginningtoforget)myFrench.
36Nowwe’reunderstanding(beginningtounderstand)thisalittlebetter.
13.4
Alltheexamplesin13.2and3areinthepresenttense.Thesameverbscouldequallywellbeusedinthepast,orinthepresentandpastperfect,e.g.Thiswatchbelongedtomyfatther.Thisfarmhasa/warsbelongedtoourfamily.
Actionverbs
13.5
Actionverbscanfreelyoccurintheprogressiveaswellasinthenon-progressiveforms.Theyincludeverbsreferringto
aActivityhavingduration,e.g.WRITE(alettertosomeone),READ,WORK.PLAY,WALK,RUN,etc.:
37Pleasebequiet.I’mwritinganimportantletter.
Theretheprogressivereferstowritingthatisinprogress.
bACHANGEOFSTATEORPOSITION.Averbinthisgroupmightbeoneofthecopulasreferringtoachangeofstate,e.g.GET,BECOME,GROW,TURN,asin
38Weareallbecoming/growingolder:
oritmightbeaverblikeARRIVE,DROWNDIE.Notethat
39Theyarearriving/drowning/dying.
meansTheyarebeginningtoarrivesetc.’:
itdoesnotnecessarilyimplythatthearriving,drowning,dyingareaccomplished.
cAMOMENTARYACT.e.g.WRITE(thelettere),OPENorCLOSE(abookoradoor),PUT(somethingonthetable),HIT,JUMP,BARK,andsoon..NotethatIamopeningthedoorwouldonlymakesenseifitwereacommentarymadeduringveryslowmotion,orifthespeakerwereopening(andshutting)thedoorrepeatedly(orifhewerereferringtothefuture.asin13.34):
andnotethatIamjumping,whenitreferstothepresent,means‘Iamgivingaseriesofjumps’.Theideaofaseriesofmomentaryactsisconveyedin
40Hurryup.Thecaretakerisclosingallthedoors.
Progressiveaspect
13.6
TheprogressivethereforeconveystheideaofACTIVITYWHICHHASBEBUNBUTISNOTCOMPLETED.Thisincompleteactivitycanbecontinuous,asin[37],[38]and[39].oritmayconsistofanuncompletedseriesofacts.asin[40].Whether,inactualfact,theactivityorseriesiscompletedornot,isirrelevant:
WHATISIMPORTANTISTHAT,INUSINGTHEPROGRESSIVE,THESPEAKERISCONCERNEDWITHTHEUNCOMPLETEDPARTOFIT,ORTHETEMPORARYDURATIONOFIT.
Simplepresent
13.7
Thesimplepresentisusedwithstativeverbsandwithactionverbsifthespecialemphasisdescribedin13.6isnotintended,whenthespeakerisreferringtothefollowingaspectsoftime:
aALLORANYTIMEnotseparatedfromthepresent:
41Paintcontainsacertainamountoflead.
42TheRhineflowsbetweenGermanyandFrance.
bTHEPRESENTPERIODasdistinctfromthepast.Inthiscase,thespeakermaybethinkingeitherofanactivitythatContinuesthroughouttheperiod,asin[43],orofawholeseriesofactsperformedthroughouttheperiod,asin[44]:
43Iliveinthecountry.
44WeallspeakEnglishathome;
cTHEPRESENTMOMENT,asin[45]:
45Thistape-recorderiseasytowork..WatchwhatIdo.Iswitchiton,pressthisbuttonanditstarts.
Switch,pressandstartsin[45]refertomomentaryacts(13.5c)consideredascompletedatthemomentofspeaking.In[45],theyareexamplesofaMOMENTARYPRESENT,whereasin
46I(always)switchoffallthelightsbeforeIgotobed.
switchandgo,likespeakin[44].areexamplesoftheHABITUALPRESENT.Thehabitualpresentisoftenreinforcedbyanadverboffrequency,e.g.always,thoughsuchadverbscanalsobeusedwiththeprogressive,asweshallseebelow(13.8);
dTHEPRESENTMOMENT,asin[47—50]:
47Ideclarethemeetingopen.(formalremarkbytheChairman)
48Ipronounceyoumanandwife.(ataweddingceremony)
49Wegladlyacceptyouroffer.(declarationofacceptance)
50IwishyouallaveryhappyNewYear.
ThoseareexamplesofDECLARATIONS.Thefollowingareamongtheverbsthatcanbesimilarlyused:
forbidofferadmireconfesspromise
agreeconfirmguessproposeapologize
congratulatemaintainsuggestnote
approveexcusesympathizecalculateexpress
However,allthoseverbscanbefreelyusedintheprogressiveiftheemphasisdescribedin13.6isintended.Thuswecancompare
51Iadmireyourcourage
with
52Waitforme.I’madmiringthiswonderfulview;
eFUTURETIME,intemporalandconditionalclauses:
53Mr.Xwilltelephoneyouassoonashereturns.
54Thepolicewilltakeyourcarawayifyouparkitthere.
55Themeetingwillbeheldoutofdoorsunlessitrains;
fPASTTIMEinnewspaperheadlines,sometimesinnarrati
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