自考英美文学选读英国部分.docx
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自考英美文学选读英国部分.docx
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自考英美文学选读英国部分
ChapterITheRenaissancePeriod
1.TheRenaissancemarksatransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.Generally,itreferstotheperiodbetweenthe14thandmid-7thcenturies.ItfirststartedinItaly,withthefloweringofpainting,sculpture&literature.FromItalythemovementwenttoembracetherestofEurope.TheRenaissance,whichmeans"rebirth"or"revival,"isactuallyamovementstimulatedbyaseriesofhistoricalevents,suchasthere-discoveryofancientRoman&Greekculture,thenewdiscoveriesingeographyandastrology,thereligiousreformationandtheeconomicexpansion.TheRenaissance,therefore,inessenceisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEurope,tointroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie(新兴资产阶级),andtorecoverthepurityoftheearlychurchfromthecorruptionoftheRomanCatholicChurch.
2.HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Itsprangfromtheendeavortorestoreamedievalreverencefortheancientauthors.HumanismisthebeginningoftheRenaissancebecausetheGreekandRomancivilizationwasbasedtheconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.Throughthenewlearning,humanistsnotonlysawtheartsofsplendorandenlightenment,butthehumanvaluesrepresentedintheworks.Renaissancehumanistsfoundajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfections,andthattheworldtheyinhabitedwastheirs,theyhaverightstoquestion,explore,andenjoy.Thus,byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.
3.TheRenaissancewasslowinreachingEnglandnotonlybecauseofEngland’sseparationfromtheContinent,butalsoitsdomesticunrest.
4.TheRenaissancewastheEngland’sGoldenAge,especiallyinliterature.
5.HenryVIIInamed“DefenderoftheFaith”byPope.
6.WilliamCaxtonintroducedprintingintoEngland.WyattintroducedthePetrarchansonnetintoEngland,Surreyintroducedblankversewithhis“mightylines”.
7.TheElizabethandrama,initstotality,istherealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissance.
8.InterludesandmoralityplaysthrivinginthemedievalperiodcontinuedtobepopulardowntoShakespeare’stime.ThemostfamousdramatistsareChristopherMarlowe,WilliamShakespeare,andBenJonson.
9.FrancisBacon,thefirstimportantEnglishessayist,isbestknownforhisessays.
Ⅲ.WilliamShakespeare
1.WilliamShakespeareisoneofthemostremarkableplaywrightsandpoets.Withhis38plays,154sonnetsand2longpoems,hehasestablishedhisgreatpositioninworldliterature.Healsohasbeengiventhehighestpraisesbyscholarsandcriticstheworldover.HewasbornprobablyonApril26,1564,anddiedonApril23,1616.
2.RobertGreene,oneofthe“UniversityWits”calledhim“anupstartcrow”.
3.Generally,hisdramaticcareerisdividedinto4periods.
TheFirstPeriod(1590-1594)theapprenticeship-fivehistoricalplays&fourcomedies:
HenryⅥ,partⅠ(1590),HenryⅥ,partⅡ(1590),HenryⅥ,partⅢ(1591),RichardⅢ(1592),TitusAndronicus(1593),TheComedyofErrors(1592),TheTwoGentlemenofVerona(1594),TheTamingoftheShrew(1593),Love'sLabor'sLost(1594)
TheSecondPeriodhighlyindividualized-fivehistoricalplays,sixcomedies&twotragedies:
RichardⅡ(1595),KingJohn(1596),HenryⅣ,PartⅠ&PartⅡ(1597),HenryV(1598),AMidsummerNight'sDream(1595),TheMerchantofVenice(1596),MuchAdoAboutNothing(1598),AsYouLikeIt(1599),TwelfthNight(1600),TheMerryWivesofWinsor(1598),Romeo&Juliet(1595),JuliusCaesar(1599)
TheThirdPeriodtragediesanddarkcomedies-Seventragedies&twodarkcomedies:
Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth,Antony&Cleopatra,Troilus&Cressida,Coriolonus,All'sWellThatEndsWell,MeasureforMeasure
TheFourthPeriod-Romantictragic-comedies&twoplays:
Pericles,Cymbeline,TheWinte'sTale,TheTempest,HenryⅧ,TheTwoNobleKinsmen
4.Therearetwonarrativelongpoems:
Venus&AdonisandTheRapeofLucrece,andhissequenceof154sonnets.
5.Shakespeare’ssonnetsaretheonlydirectexpressionofthepoets’ownfeelings.
6.Shakespeare’shistoryplaysaremainlywrittenundertheprinciplethatnationalunityunderamightyandjustsovereignisanecessity.
7.ThesuccessfulromantictragedyisRomeoandJuliet,whicheulogizesthefaithfulnessofloveandthespiritofpursuinghappiness.Itispermeatedwithoptimisticspirit.
8.Shakespeare’sgreatesttragediesare:
Hamlet,Othello,KingLear,Macbeth.
1)Eachportrayssomenoblehero,whofacestheinjusticehumanlifeandiscaughtinadifficultsituationandwhosefateiscloselyconnectedwiththefateofthewholenation.
2)Eachherohashisweaknessofthenature:
Hamlet,themelancholicscholar-prince,facesthedilemmabetweenactionandmind;Othello’sinnerweaknessismadeuseofbytheoutsideevilforce;theoldkingLearwhoisunwillingtogiveuphispowermakeshimselfsufferfromtreacheryandinfidelity;andMacbeth’lustforpowerstirsuphisambitionandleadshimtoincessantcrimes.
9.Heholdsthatliteratureshouldbeacombinationofbeauty,kindnessandtruth,andshouldreflectnatureandreality.
10.Hismajorcharactersareneithermerelyindividualonesnortypeones;theyareindividualsrepresentingcertaintypes.Eachcharacterhashisorherownpersonalities;meanwhile,theymaysharefeatureswithothers.Thesoliloquiesinhisplaysfullyrevealtheinnerconflictofhischaracters.Shakespearealsoportrayshischaractersinpairs.Contrastsarefrequentlyusedtobringvividnesstohischaracters.
11.Shakespeare'splaysarewellknownfortheiradroitplotconstruction.Heseldominventshisownplots;instead,heborrowsthemfromsomeoldplaysorstorybooks,orfromancientGreek&Romansources.Thereareusuallyseveralthreadsrunningthroughtheplay,thusprovidingthestorywithsuspense&apprehension.
12.Ironyisagoodmeansofdramaticpresentation.
13.Shakespeareisagainstreligiouspersecution&racialdiscrimination,againstsocialinequality&thecorruptinginfluenceofgold&money.
14.Hisblandverseisespeciallybeautiful&mighty.Hehasanamazingwealthofvocabulary&idiom.Hiscoinageofnewwords&distortionofthemeaningoftheoldonesalsocreatestrikingeffectsonthereader.
Shakespeare’sworks:
A.TheMerchantofVenice
Inhisromanticcomedies,Shakespearetakesoptimisticattitudetowardloveandyouth,andtheromanticelementsarebroughtintofullpay.ThemostimportantplayamongthecomediesisTheMerchant’sVenice.Theplayhasdoubleplot.
Theme:
topraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonio&Bassanio,toidealizePortiaasaheroineofgreatbeauty,wit&loyalty,&toexposetheinsatiablegreed&brutalityoftheJew.
B.Hamlet
HamletisgenerallyregardedasShakespeare'smostpopularplayonthestage,forithasthequalityofexplorationoflife&death.ShakespearetakesthebareoutlineofRevengeTragedy.Andthetimelessappealofthismightydramaliesinitscombinationofintrigue,emotionalconflict&searchingphilosophicmelancholy.
TheplayopenswithHamlet,PrinceofDenmark,appearinginamoodofworld-wearinessoccasionedbyhisfather'srecentdeath&byhismother'shastyremarriagewithClaudius,hisfather'sbrother.Whileencounteringhisfather'sghost,HamletisinformedthatClaudiushasmurderedhisfather&thentakenoverbothhisfather'sthrone&widow.This,Hamlet,isurgedbytheghosttoseekrevengeforhisfather's"foul&mostunnaturalmurder."
Trappedinanightmareworldofspying,testing&plotting,&apparentlybearingtheintolerableburdenofthedutytorevengehisfather'sdeath,Hamletisobligedtoinhabitashadowworld,tolivesuspendedbetweenfact&fiction,language&action.Hislifeisoneofconstantrole-playing,examiningthenatureofactiononlytodenyitspossibility,forheistoosophisticatedtodegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofastagerevenger.Hismindissospeculative,soquestioning,andsocontemplative.
BycharacterizingHamlet,Shakespearesuccessfullymakesaphilosophicalexplorationoflife&deathandcondemnsthehypocrisyandtreacheryandgeneralcorruptionattheroyalcourt.
1)tobeornottobe:
toliveoninthisworldortodie;tosufferortotakeaction.
C.TheTempest
TheTempest,anelaborate&fantasticstory,isknownasthebestofhisfinalromances.Thecharactersareratherallegorical&thesubjectfullofsuggestion.Thehumanlyimpossibleeventscanbeseenoccurringeverywhere,intheplay.Theplaywrightresortstothesupernaturalatmosphere&tothedreamstosolvetheconflict.ToShakespeare,thewholelifeisnomorethanadream.Thus,TheTempestisatypicalexampleofhispessimisticviewtowardshumanlife&societyinhislateyears.
D.Sonnet18
Sonnet18isoneofthemostbeautifulsonnetswrittenbyShakespeare.
Theme:
aprofoundmeditationonthedestructivepoweroftime&theeternalbeautybroughtforthbypoetrytotheoneheloves.Anicesummerisshort,butthebeautyinpoetrycanlastforever.ThusShakespearehasafaithinthepermanenceofpoetry.
1)asummer’sday:
Hereismayrefertoaperiodortheseasonofsummer.
2)Date:
theperiodofalease.
3)Untrimmed:
strippedofgayapparel.
4)Ow’st
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