Producer services growth and roles in longterm economic development外文翻译可编辑.docx
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Producer services growth and roles in longterm economic development外文翻译可编辑.docx
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Producerservicesgrowthandrolesinlongtermeconomicdevelopment外文翻译可编辑
Producerservicesgrowthandrolesinlong-termeconomicdevelopment外文翻译
外文翻译
原文
Producerservices:
growthandrolesinlong-termeconomicdevelopment
MaterialSource:
TheServiceIndustriesJournalVol.28,No.4,May2008,463?
477
Author:
Karl-JohanLundquist,Lars-OlofOlanderandMartinSvenssonHenning.
Thisnewinterestinservicesisspurredbythefactthatresearchhasshownthatproducerservicesperformincreasinglyimportantfunctionsinadvancedcapitalisteconomies.Phenomenaareappearing,suchas‘servicefication’ofthemanufacturingsector,reflecting,forexample,theinternalgrowthofservicefunctionswithintraditionalmanufacturingfirms.Thefactthatthisprocessisparalleledbyanexternalisationandoutsourcingofservicefunctionsfrommanufacturingfirmsisanotherexample,asisthenotionthatgoodstoanincreasingdegreearecarriersofservices,andthatthemanufactureandservicesectorsininteractiongeneratenewtypesofproductsandservices.Theaimofthispaperistherefore,withabackgroundinSchumpeterianeconomicsandevolutionaryeconomicgeography,toanalysetheanatomyofthedramaticrestructuringprocessthathasbeentakingplaceinSwedensincethelate1970s,withaspecialfocusontherolesandgrowthpatternsofproducerservices.WewilltherebyshowanewandmorecompletepictureofthetransformationprocessinSweden,includingalsoproducerservices.Suchanalysescouldbeperformedbymergingtheaggregatedtheoriesoftechnologyshiftsandlongwaveswiththenowemergingframeworkofevolutionaryeconomicgeography.Previously,wehaveanalysedthetransformationoftheSwedisheconomyfromalong-termmanufacturingperspective.ThispapermarksthefirststepinanintegrativeanalysisoftheSwedishtechnologyshiftthatstartedinthemid-1970s.Theanalysiscoversbothmanufacturingandservicesectors.Inourresearchefforts,welargelyagreewiththeargumentsmadebyWood2005onthemeritsofa‘serviceinformed’approachtoeconomictransformationandgrowth.Thispaperwillshowwhysuchanapproachisincreasinglyrelevantinthewakeofthethirdindustrialrevolution.
Historicaldataongrowthinproducerservicesisnoteasilyobtainable.Eveniftherolesofproducerserviceshavebeenmuchresearchedinrecentyears,welackdetailedlongitudinalaccountsoftheirgrowthoverlongerperiodsoftime.Intheempiricalanalysis,weuseuniqueandrecentlyconstructedconsistenttimeseriesobtainedfromtheDEVILdatabasesDatabasesofEvolutionaryEconomicGeographyinLundonthelongitudinaltransformationofdifferentproducerservicesectorssincetheendofthe1970s.Wewillhoweverbeginthispaperbyexploringthetheoreticalfoundationsofanevolutionarylong-termapproachtoeconomicdevelopment.
Accountsoftechnologyshiftsorlongwavesareoftenfocusedonmanufacturingsectors.Thisnaturallyhastodowiththefocusofthisapproachontechnologyandmanufacturetangibleproduct,butalsoonthelimitedavailabilityoftimeseriesdescribingproducerservicesgrowthovertime.However,inthepresenttechnologyshiftprocess,producerservicescouldbeassumedtoplayincreasinglyimportantroles.Theterm‘producerservices’isusedheretodenoteadvanced,specialisedandknowledge-intensiveserviceindustriesoperatinginamarketconsistingofotherfirmsBryson,Daniels,&Warf,2004.Thereisaslightconceptualoverlapbetweenthisdefinitionandtheonecommonlyusedintheliteratureabout,‘knowledge-intensivebusinessservices’KIBS,althoughusuallytheterm‘producerservices’includesalsoamorevariedspectrumofservicesdirectedtowardsfirmsseediscussioninAslesen&Isaksen,2007.Inthispaper,weconcentrateonaquitebroadrangeofservices,andweincludealsoproducerservicesofamoresimplecharacterforexamplesecurityservices.Thedominatingpartoftheanalysisishoweverdevotedtothemoreadvancedproducerservicesectors,whichcouldbeconsideredasbeingpartsoftheKIBSsector.
Numerousscholarshavenotedtheextensivegrowthofservicesingeneralduringthepastdecadeorso.Forexample,Beyers2003analysestheextensivegrowthofIT-usingindustriesduringthe1990sintheUSA,andnotesespeciallythedramaticgrowthofproducerservicesandhealthservices.Duringthelastfewdecades,especiallyintheUSA,theserviceindustrieshaveaccountedforthelion’sshareofthegrowthinemployment,andinmanyregionaleconomiestodayservicesplayamorecentralroleineconomicgrowththanwaspreviouslythecaseBeyers,2005.Empiricalevidencealsoindicatesanincreaseofpersonsworkingwithcreativetaskswithintraditionalindustries,butprimarilyasagrowthinthenumberofemployeeswithincreativeindustries,suchasInformationandCommunicationTechnologyICT,advertising,marketing,music/filmanddesign/fashion.StudiesintheUKshowanaggregatedincreaseinthesecategoriesof35%duringtheperiod1994?
2001Brysonetal.,2004,p.72.TheimportantroleofbusinessandprofessionalservicesalsogoesforregionalEuropeaneconomiesoutsidethetraditionalservicehot-spotssuchasLondonDaniels&Bryson,2005;Lundquist,Olander,&SvenssonHenning,2006.Aswewillsee,thisdiscussioncouldalsobeextendedtothecaseofSwedenduringrecentdecades.
Thedifferentsub-sectorsofproducerservicesplaydifferentrolesintherestructuringandrenewaloftheeconomy.Forexample,consultantsengagedintheareasofmanagement,organisationandpurchasingcontributeindirectlytotheeconomicrestructuringbysupplyingspecialisedandindependentprofessionalknowledge,changingtheroutinesoffirmsandconsequentlytheirproductivityandprofit.Othersub-sectors,suchasR&D,productdevelopment,designandmarketresearchmayplayamoredirectroleduetotheircapacitytocontributetoinnovationsandthedevelopmentofnewservices,productsandindustries.ExplanationsfortheextensivegrowthofproducerservicesandKIBScouldthereforebeofboth‘statistical’and‘functional’natures.Statistically,someofthegrowthcouldbeattributedtooutsourcingofpreviouslyinternalisedservicefunctionsinmanufacturingcompanies.DuringtheFordistcrisis,down-sizingandoutsourcingwereimportantmeanstoachieveloweredcosts,increasingproductivityandflexibilityandmeetingincreasinginternationalcompetition.TherapiddevelopmentofmicroelectronicsandICTopenedupnewwaysoforganizingproductionaswellasdifferentkindsofnewcontrolsystems,administrationandservicefunctions.Thesefeaturescanberegardedascentralintheemergingpost-Fordistcapitalism,andtheprocessresultedinagrowthofcompaniesspecialisedinhandlingtheincreasingtechnologicalandadministrativecomplexitycharacterisingagrowingnumberoffirmsandindustries.Theexternalisationresultedinasituationwheremanyfunctionspreviouslyperformedwithinthefirmespeciallymanufacturingcompanieswerecontractedtosmallindependentfirms.Brysonetal.2004,p.14howeverunderlinethatsimilarstrategiesareadoptedbylargerservicefirms,andthattheexternalisationwavethereforeisnotrestrictedtomanufacturingfirmsonly.
Functionally,scholarshaveemphasisedthechangingnatureoftheeconomytowardaknowledge-intensivelearningeconomyArchibugi&Lundvall,2001or‘new’economyBeyers,2002,atransformationthatwhateveritiscalledhasincreasedthedemandforqualifiedservicesWood,2002.Theoretically,theroleofproducerservicesinthefirstpartofthetechnologyshiftprocesswillbetocontributetothediffusionofnewgenerictechnologies.Thefirstnewservicesofthetechnologyshift,developedincloseassociationwithnewproduction,mostlikelyhavebroadapplicationareas.Asthekeytechnologyisdevelopedandastheeconomyadvancesfurtherintothetechnologyshift,servicetransformsandbecomesincreasinglyadvanced.Dependingontheirfunctionallinkagestootherdifferentindustriesinthetechnologyshiftprocess,andonthestateofcomplementaritiesanddevelopmentblocks,thedifferentsectorsofproducerservicescanbeexpectedtoexpandatdifferentpointsintime.Ournextchallengeconcernsthemeasuringofthislongitudinalprocess.
TheserviceencapsulationconceptBrysonetal.,2004;Howells,2004illuminatestheincreasinginterdependencebetweendifferentsectorsoftheeconomyandstressesthattheboundariesbetweendifferentindustriesbecomeincreasinglyblurred.Newservicetypesaredevelopedtoincreasetheprofitofmanufacturedproductsatthesametimeasmanytangibleproducts,toanincreasedextent,aredeliveredandconsumedonlytogetherwithaccompanyingservices.Allformsofencapsulationincludeproducerservices,otherservices,intermediaryservicesandmanufacturingcompanies.Theseactorscreate,indifferentconstellationsandthroughcomplexinteraction,theknowledgeandrenewalpropellingthelong-termtransformationoftheeconomyExplanationsofexternalisation,flexiblespecializationandoutsourcingontheonehand,andexplanationsoftheincreaseddemandthatcausedthegrowthofindependentandcreativeproducerservicesontheotherhand,areofsimilarcharacter.Thepointisthatoutsourcingandverticaldisintegrationoflargefirmsisanimportantsource‘inflating’thegrowthofproducerservicefirms.However,thismustnotovershadowthefactthatthemostimportantsourceofgrowthinproducerservicesisacceleratingdemand.Atthesametimeasthisproceeds,aninternalgrowthofservice-relatedtasksandknowledgehastakenplacewithinothertypesofcompanies.
Therolesofproducerservicesincontemporaryprocessesofeconomictr
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