句 法 学论文.docx
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句 法 学论文.docx
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句法学论文
OnMei“every”andDou“all”inMandarinChinese
Abstract:
Thispaperconcentratesonthesyntacticandsemanticbehavioursofmei‘every’anddou‘all’inMandarinChinese,inwhichpreverbalmeimustco-occurwithdou.IarguethatdouisadjuncttoeitherIorOtherPronouns.Thechoicebetween“I”orotherPronounsismadetomakeashortestdouchain,whichexplainsdou’sdistributionwithPPsandlightverbconstructions.Ontheirsemanticinteraction,meisetsthedistributiveunitforthedistributiveoperatordouandpreverbalmei-phraseshavetobequantifiedbydoutobeinterpreteddiscourse-anaphoric.
Keywords:
dou,mei,distributive
1.Introduction
ChineseuniversallydiffersfromEnglishinitsobligatoryco-occurrencebetweenpreverbalmei‘every’anddou‘all’.Seethecontrastin
(1)and
(2):
ChinesevsEnglish:
(1)a.mei-geren(dou)chidao-le.everyperson(all)late
b.Everypersonwaslate.
(2)
a.womei-tian
(dou)quxuexiao.
Ievery
(all)goschool
b.Iwenttoschooleveryday.
In
(1)aand
(2)a,douisobligatoryforpre-verbalmei.Post-verbalmeidoesnothavethisrequirement.Seeexample(3).
(3)
wo
xihuanmamazuo-de
mei-daocai.
I
likemummake-of
everydish
Ilikedeverydishmadebymum.
ThispaperwillfocusonthisdistinctionbetweenMandarinandEnglish.Itwilldiscusshowtheadverbdouconnectstomeisyntacticallyandhowtheyinteractsemantically.Iproposethatdouformsachainwithits“antecedent”whichexplainsthedistributionofdouwithPPsandlightverbs.Semantically,meisetsthedistributiveunitforthedistributiveoperatordou,anddoupresupposesmei-phrasesdiscourse-anaphoric,whichsatisfiesthesyntax-externalrequirement.
Thepaperisorganizedasfollows:
part2exploresthesyntaxofdouwillbeexploredinpart2;thedistributivityofmeianddouwillbediscussedinpart3;theirco-occurrencewillbeexplainedinpart4;andaconclusionwillbegiveninthelastpart.
2.TheChainofdou
2.1douasanadverb
Dou’sadverbialstatusiswidelyacknowledged(LiandThompson1981,Lee1986,Cheng1996,etc).Itisfixedbetweenthesubjectandpredicateandhasfreeorderwithanumberofadverbials,forinstance,cengjing‘once’.
(4)a.tamendoucengjinglai-guowojia.
TheyalloncecomeIhome
b.tamencengjingdoulai-guowojia.
TheyonceallcomeIhome
Theyallcametomyhousetheotherday.
Asauniversalquantifier,douquantifiesoverelementstoitsleftthathavesub-partsforitspredicate.Examplesaregivenin(5)to(8),inwhichdouquantifiesovertopicalizedDP,subjectDP,adverbialphrase,andpropositions.
(5)
naxie
dianying,wo(dou)
xihuan.
(topicalizedobject)
those
film,I(all)
like
Iliked(all)thosefilms.
(6)
women(dou)
xihuannaxie
dianying.
(subject)
we(all)
likethose
film
We(all)likedthosefilms.
(7)
wozuotian(dou)
zai
xuexiao.
(adverb)
Iyesterday(all)
at
school
Istayedatschool(allday)yesterday.
(8)
ta
qu-bu-qu,
wo(dou)
wusuowei.
(propositions)
he
go-not-go,
I(all)
notcare
Ididnotcarewhetherhewouldgoornot.
(9)isdegradedbecause‘thosefilms’isnottotheleftofdouand(10)isungrammaticalbecause‘hewent’isasingleproposition,lackingapluralreading.
(9)*wodouxihuannaxiedianying.
Ialllikethosefilm
Ilikedallthosefilms.
(10)*taqu,wodouwusuowei.
hego,Iallnotcare
Ididnotcarethathewouldgo.
2.2Thechainofdou
2.2.1Thephenomena.Doudoesnothavetobeadjacenttowhatitconnectsto.Someadverbialphrasescansitbetweenthem.Forexample,in(11),thebeneficentphrase‘forme’locatesbetweendouandthesubject,anditcaninterchangewithdouaswell.
(11)
a.tamen
wei-le-wodoujie-yan-le.
they
for-PART-meallquit-cigarette
b.tamen
douwei-le-wojie-yan-le.
they
allfor-PART-mequit-cigarette
Theyallquitsmokingforme.
Butsomeexpressionscan“block”dou’squantification.Forinstance,(12)aisungrammatical,anddouhastobeadjacenttowhatitquantifiesin(12)b.
(12)
a.*womenbata
douda-le.
weholdhe
allhit
b.womendoubatada-le.
weallholdhehit
Weallhithim.
However,theseexpressionscanbequantifiedbydou.In(13),douquantifiestheobject.
(13)wobatamendouda-le.
Iholdtheyallhit
Ihitallofthem.
2.2.2Douchain.Thecontrastbetween(11)and(12)raisesthequestionthatwhysomephrasescansitbetweendouandthesubject,andsomecannot.Toaccountforthis,IborrowTang’snon-specifieranalysisofadverbialsinChinese.Tang(1990,2001)comparedthesyntacticandsemanticbehaviourofadverbialsbetweenChinese-typeandEnglish-typelanguages,andshowedthatanon-specifieranalysisofadverbialsasgiveninChomsky(1986,1995),andTravis(1988)seemtobetteraccountforthedistributionofadjuncts.Hermainclaimsarein(14):
(14)a.Adjunctsarehierarchicallyratherthanlinearlyordered.
b.XPandX’mayberecursivetogenerateadjuncts.AnadjunctlicensedbyXmaybeprojectedunderrecursiveXPorX’.
c.Fordifferentdistributionsexhibitedbyadjuncts,theydonotresultfromthemovementofadjuncts.
d.ManneradverbsaregeneratedunderPr4,temporalandlocativeexpressionsunderIandPr.DifferentPPsareunderdifferentheads.Forexample,beneficentPPcanbelicensedbyC,I,orPr.
(Tang,2001,p206)
Underthisanalysisofadverbials,doucanbeadjuncttoIbecauseitcanlocatebetweenthesubjectandmodals.
(15)
tamen(dou)
yinggai(dou)
hui
lai.
they(all)
should(all)
will
come
Allofthemwouldcome.
Thenthenextquestionis:
candoubeadjuncttootherPronouns?
Anexperimenttotestifyitweredoneandthereasoningisasfollows:
(16)a.Manneradverbs(zixide‘carefully’in17)canonlygenerateunderPronouns.
Theycannothavefreeorderwithmodals,butmustbelowerthanmodals.See(17).
b.Bothmanneradverbsandlocativeexpressions(‘onthethreetables’in18)cangenerateunderPronouns.Theycaninterchange.See(18).
c.Ifdoucanlocatebetweenorlowerthan‘onthreetables’and‘carefully’,itshowsthatdoucanalsogenerateunderPronouns.Otherwise,doucanbeonly
licensedbyI.
(17)
a.*ni
zixide
yinggai
bashu
kan-wan.
You
carefully
should
holdbook
read-finish
b.ni
yinggai
zixide
bashu
kan-wan.
you
should
carefully
holdbook
read-finish
Youshouldreadthebookcarefully.
(18)a.tazaisan-zhangzhuozishangzixidezuo-lejihao.
heatthreetableabovecarefullymakemark
b.tazixidezaisan-zhangzhuozishangzuo-lejihao.
Hecarefullyatthreetableabovemakemark
Hemarkedonthreetablescarefully.
Thetestisdonein(19):
noproblemarisesafterinsertingdoubetweenthelocativeandmanneradverbials,anddoucanbelowerthanthemaswell.
(19)
a.tazaisan-zhangzhuozishangdouzixide
zuo-le
jihao.
heatthreetableaboveallcarefully
make
mark
b.tazixidezaisan-zhangzhuozishangdou
zuo-le
jihao.
hecarefullyatthreetableaboveall
make
mark
Hemarkedonallofthethreetablescarefully.
Thereforeweconcludein(20):
(20)doucanbeadjuncttoPronounsandI.
Sincedoucanbeadjuncttotwonodes,isitadjunctrandomlytoeitherposition?
Wehaveanegativeanswertothisquestion.Becausedouisalwaysconnectedtoaphraseunderitsquantification,Iarguethatachainisformedbetweendouandits“antecedent”.Ifthechainisdefinedbythedistancebetweenthenodelicensingdouandthenodeofits“antecedent”inatree,economymayrequirethechaintobeasshortaspossible.Consideringthis,weformulatethat:
(21)DouChain:
doucanbeadjuncttoPronounorI.Thechoiceofitsbase-generationsiteismadetoguaranteeashortestdouChain,whichisdefinedbythedistancebetweenthenodelicensingdouandthenodeofwhatitquantifiesinatree.
Thisisshownin(22).DoucanbeadjuncttoProrI,butifitquantifiesthesubjectasin(22),ithastobeadjuncttoI,tomakethedistancebetweenthenodelicensingdouandthesubjecttheshortestone,whichisindicatedbytheshorterchain.Itcannotbeadjuncttothepredicate,whichwouldmakethedistancelonger.
Thisproposalcanexplainthedistributionofdouinthepreviouspart,hererepeatedas(23),(24),and(25).In(23),douislicensedbyI,andaccordingtoTang(2001),thebeneficentphrase‘forme’canalsobelicensedbyI,sotheycaninterchange,andmeanwhile,satisfythedouchain.(24)aisungrammaticalbecauseitviolatesthechain,whichisexactlytheungrammaticalcasein(22).(25)isgrammaticalbecausedouconnectstotheobject,butnotthesubject.
(23)a.tamenwei-le-wodoujie-yan-le.
theyfor-PART-meallquit-cigarette
b.tamendouwei-le-wojie-yan-le.
theyallfor-PART-mequit-cigarette
Theyallquitsmokingforme.
(24)a.*womenbatadouda-le.
weholdheallhit
b.womendoubatada-le.weallholdhehitWeallhithim.
(25)wobatamendouda-le.
Iholdtheyallhit
Ihitallofthem.
3Distributivityofdouandmei
Inthelastpart,weseethathowdoulinkstowhatitquantifiessyntactically.Inthispart,weexplorethesemanticinteractionsbetweendouandmei.
DouisanovertdistributiveoperatorinMandarin.UnlikeEnglish,inwhichplural
subjectsmaygetbothcollectiveanddistributivereadingtothepredicateinonesentence,Chinesepluralsubjectsgetonlythecollectivereading.Thedistributivereadingisunavailableuntildouisinserted.See(26)and(27).
(26)JaneandMaryboughtacar.
a.BothJaneandMaryboughtacar.
b.JaneandMaryjointlyboughtacar.
(27)
a
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