Translation Studies from the View of Hermeneutics 从阐释学角度看翻译研究.docx
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Translation Studies from the View of Hermeneutics 从阐释学角度看翻译研究.docx
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TranslationStudiesfromtheViewofHermeneutics从阐释学角度看翻译研究
TranslationStudiesfromtheViewofHermeneutics
—ofFriedrichSchleiermacherandHans-GeorgGadamer
Hermeneuticshasbuiltacloserelationshipwithtranslationsinceitsbirth.Interpretingthesourcetextisoneofthetranslator’sprimarytasks,anditisimportantforthetranslatortounderstandtheproblemsofunderstandingandinterpreting.AndHermeneuticsisconcernedmainlywithunderstandingandinterpretation.Sinceanytypeoftranslationisboundupwithcomprehensionandexplicationofthesourcetext,thecloserelationshipofhermeneuticsandtranslationcanbedefinedasinnate.Thereisnotranslationwithoutunderstandingandinterpretingtexts,whichistheinitialstepinanykindsoftranslationincludingliterarytranslationofcourse.Inappropriateinterpretationinevitablyresultsininadequatetranslations,ifnotabsolutelywrongtranslations.
HermeneuticsisaninterpretivemethoddevelopedbytheGermanRomantics.Itcanbedefinedbrieflyasthescienceandmethodologyofinterpretingtexts.Actually,theword“hermeneutics”isoriginatedinthenameofthedivinemessenger“Hermes”inGreekmythology.HermessendstheGod’smessages(ofcommerce,transportation,farming,sportsandspeeches,etc.)tomen.Inviewofthehermeneuticschool,translatorsarelikeanewHermeswhosendstheauthor’smessagestoreaders.Thehermeneuticschoolemphasizesunderstandingandinterpretation.
Iwanttotalkabouttwofamousrepresentativesofhermeneutics:
FriedrichSchleiermacherandHans-GeorgGadamer.Theyfulfilledthehermeneuticbyhardstudyingandapplieditintotheirtranslationtheorieswhichmakegreatcontributiontothedevelopmentoftranslationstudies.
FriedrichSchleiermacher,aGermantheologianandphilosopherwhowasbornin1768andlivedinthetimesunderthegreatinfluenceofromanticism.Heestablishedmethodologicalhermeneutics,whichhadgreatinfluenceonthegrowthandestablishmentofthelatermodernhermeneutics.HeopposedtothetheocraticanddogmaticdecipheringoftheBible,expoundsthenatureofunderstandinginrelationtoallhumantextsandmodesofcommunicationanddevelopshermeneutictheories.Schleiermacheristhefirsttobringhermeneuticstotherealmofphilosophyandendowitwithaesthetics,ashebelievesthathermeneuticsisapartofthephilosophicalart.BeforeSchleiermacher,theoriesofhermeneuticsaremainlyconcernedwiththeinterpretingoftheBible.Schleiermacherdefineshermeneuticsastheartofunderstandingthemeaningofdiscourse.
『Tobeginwith,Schleiermachersaidthateveryproblemofinterpretationisaproblemofunderstanding.Heevendefinedhermeneuticsastheartofavoidingmisunderstanding.ForSchleiermacher,understandingasanartisthere-experiencingofthementalprocessesofthetext’sauthor.Itisthereverseofcomposition,foritstartswiththefixedandfinishedexpressionandgoesbacktothementallifefromwhichitarose.Thespeakerorauthorconstructedasentence;thehearerpenetratesintothestructuresofthesentenceandthethought.』-HuYehan,TheInfluenceofSchleiermacheronContemporaryWesternTranslationTheories.[D]June2007
Fromabove,wecangetthatweshouldstudythebackgroundandmotivesoftheauthorasmuchaspossiblebeforewedotranslation,whichcouldletusavoidmuchmisunderstanding.Let’stakePound’stranslationworksforexample:
“郎骑竹马来。
”——李白《长干行》
“Youcamebyonbamboostilts,playinghorse.”_translatedbyPound
Inthisversion,poundmistook“竹马”to“stilts”,whichmeans“eitherofapairofuprightpoleswithsupportsforthefeetenablingtheusertowalkatadistanceabovetheground”.Actually,inChineseculture,“竹马”istheimageofwhichalittlecouplewhogrowuptogether.Butforthelackofknowingthebackground,thetranslatormisunderstoodtheoriginaltext.Consequently,asatranslator,oneshouldalsorecognizetheintentionsbehindthewordssincetheyareinthesamesituationofthehistoryandsharingacommonhumannature.
AccordingtoSchleiermacher,successfulpracticeofinterpretationrequiresanunderstandingoftwosides:
grammatical/linguisticinterpretationandpsychologicalinterpretation.『Schleiermacherexplainsgrammaticalinterpretationinthefollowingway:
“Thevocabularyandthehistoryofanauthor’sagetogetherformawholefromwhichhiswritingsmustbeunderstoodasapart.”(1997:
113).Thispsychologicaldimensioninvolvesenteringintothecreativemindoftheoriginalauthor,alsoknownas“authorialintent”.AccordingtoSchleiermacher,theanswertotheproblemofhermeneuticsistounderstandtheauthor’sindividualaimforthecompositionofthetext,andmeaningintendedbyhim/her.“Byleadingtheinterpretertotransformhimself,sotospeak,intotheauthor,thedivinatorymethodseekstogainanimmediatecomprehensionoftheauthorasanindividual”(1997:
150)』-WangLisong,Schleiermacher’sHermeneuticsandTranslator’sSubjectivity.[D]June2007
Whatwecanlearnfromaboveisthattheinterpretershouldcomplementlinguisticinterpretationwithpsychologicalexperience,bymeansofwhichthereadercanreconstructandunderstandtheauthorialcreatingmotivesandimplicitassumptions.ThefollowinginstanceisPound’stranslationversionofLiuChe’s(thegreatestkingofHandynasty)《落叶哀蝉曲》:
罗袂兮无声, Therustlingofthesilkisdiscontinued, 玉墀兮尘生。
Dustdriftsoverthecourtyard. 虚房冷而寂寞。
Thereisnosoundoffoot-fallandtheleaves. 落叶依于重扁。
Scurryintoheapsandliestill, 望彼美女兮安得,Andshetherejoiceroftheheartsisbeneaththem:
感余心之未宁。
Awetleafthatclingstothethreshold.Theoriginalpoetexpressedhisfeelingdirectlyinhispoembythewordssuchas“虚”,“冷”,“寂寞”,“心未宁”,whilethetranslatorexpressedthefeelingimpliedlywhichtransferthespiritofimagistpoetrygreatly.Thisisakindofreconstructionwhichdeliverytheauthor’ssorrow.AsanEnglishpoet,PoundintegratedhimselfintraditionalChinesepoemsandexpressedthesouloftheoriginaltext.Accordingtothistranslationtheory,atfirst,onemustexaminethewordsinrelationtothesentences,andthesentencesinthecontextsoftheparagraphs(includinggrammaticalrules,figuresofspeechandlinguisticcharacteristics)andsoon,untilunderstandingofthetextcanbeaccuratelyreached.Thelinguisticinterpretationmethodinvolvestheunderstandingoftexts,whichrequiresthecomprehensionofthewordsandcommonlanguage.Languageisboundbythelifeofthepeopleandthesharedinterestsofthecommunity;thereforecreatinganewgenrewhichreflectsthehistoryoftheauthor.AccordingtoSchleiermacher,theinterpretermustbecomeacquaintedwiththeauthor’slifeandtimes.Familiarityofthebiographicalandhistoricalcontextsoftheauthoristheprerequisiteforthepsychologicalinterpretationmethod.Ofcoursebothsidesofinterpretationarenecessaryandinfactconstantlyinteract.
『Healsoproposedtheimportanttheory“Hermeneuticscircle”whichmeansthat“wecannotunderstandthemeaningofthewholetextapartfromunderstandingthemeaningoftheindividualsentences,andevenwords,inthetext.Ontheotherhand,wecannotproperlyunderstandtheindividualpartsapartfromsomegraspofthewhole.”(Stiver,1996:
89)』-WangLisong,Schleiermacher’sHermeneuticsandTranslator’sSubjectivity.[D]June2007
Asweallknowthatweunderstandsomethingbycomparingittosomethingwealreadyknow.Whatweunderstandformsintosystematicunities,orcirclesmadeupofparts.Thecircleasawholedefinestheindividualpart,andthepartstogetherformthecircle.Withitsspatialimage,thehermeneuticalcirclesuggestsanareaofsharedunderstanding.Sincecommunicationisadialogicalrelation,thereisassumedattheoutsetacommunityofmeaningsharedbythespeakerandthehearer.Onemustalreadyhave,insomemeasure,knowledgeofthematterbeingdiscussed.Thismaybetermedtheminimalpre-knowledgenecessaryforunderstanding,withoutwhichonecan’tleapintothehermeneuticalcircle.Whenwebegintotranslateatext,atfirstweshouldgraspthewholebywhichwecandeepentheunderstandingoftheparts.Andinturnthedeepunderstandingofthepartsalsoisgoodforthefurtherunderstandingofthewhole.
AfterSchleiermacher,thereisanotherperson,HansGadamer,whocontributedalottomodemhermeneutics.ThebirthofGadamer'sphilosophicalHermeneuticsisoneofthemostimportanteventsinwesternHermeneutics.ForGadamer,traditionandprejudicearethestartpointsifinterpretation,whichmakeunderstandingpossible.HismainHermeneuticprinciplesarehistoricityofunderstanding,fusionofhorizons,andeffective-historyinterpretedinbookTruthandMethod,whichwaspublishedin1960inhis60s.FromGadamer’sperspectives,understandingandinterpretationarethewayofbeing,andtheproblemsofphilosophicalhermeneuticsareontologyratherthanmethodology.Gadamer’smainHermeneuticprinciplesarepre-understanding,fusionofhorizons,andeffective-history.
(1)Fore-understanding
『Gadamerpointsout,fore-understandingconstructsthefoundationofallinterpretation,thatistosay,interpretationbeginsfromthehistoricalgivenotherthansubjectofinterpretation;interpretationbelongstofore-understanding.Everyoneisahistoricalexistence,andprofoundlyinfluencedbyhispreconceptions.Whenwearereading,ourmindsarenotempty,andthereisthefore-understandingcomingfromhistorythatguidesus.Whetherwearewillingornot,historicalexistencewouldfusedeeplyintous,formthefore-understanding,herebycauseitseffect.』-TanWenjie,TaoistCanonTranslationandGadamer'sPhilosophicalHermeneutics:
w
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