英语语言学题目.docx
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英语语言学题目.docx
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英语语言学题目
英语语言学—简答题
Chapter1:
Introduction
1.Listimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics.
2.Listdesignfeatures.
3.Whatarethedifferencesbetweentraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics?
4.Talkaboutspeechandwritingandwhichoneispriorandwhy?
5.Whatarethedifferenceandsimilarity,langueandparoleVS.competenceandperformance?
6.Whatshouldwetakesuperior,diachronicstudyorsynchronicstudy?
Chapter2:
Phonology
1.Broadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscription.
2.ClassificationofEnglishspeechsound.
3.Distinctionofphone,phonemeandallophone.
4.phonemiccontrast,complementarydistributionandminimalpair.
5.somerulesinphonology.
6.suprasegmentalfeatures.
Chapter3:
Morphology
1.openclassandclosedclass.
2.suffixesandprefixes.
3.boundmorphemeandfreemorpheme.
4.derivationandinflection.
poundwords.
Chapter4:
Syntax
1.categories.
2.Howtodefineaword'category?
3.Phrasecategories.
4.Fourpropertiesofcoordinationrule.
5.Whatarephraseelements.
6.WhatisSrule?
7.Transformation.
8.deepstructureandsurfacestructure.
9.constraintsontransformation.
10.Masterthewaytodrawatreediagramonceasentenceisgiven.
Chapter5:
Semantics
1.someviewsconcerningthestudyofmeaning.
2.senseandreference.
3.majorsenserelations.
4.senserelationsbetweensentences.
5.analysisofmeaning.
Chapter6:
Pragmatics
1.pragmaticsandsemantics.
2.sentencemeaningandutteraneemeaning.
3.TalkaboutSpeechActTheory.
4.constativesandperformatives.
5.WhatisAustin'opinionaboutSpeechActTheory.
6.HowdidSealeclassifyillocutionaryactintofivecategories?
7.Whatiscooperativeprinciple?
Chapter7:
LanguageChange
1.MorphologicalandsyntacticchangeofIanguage.
2.vocabularychange.
3.somerecenttrendsofIanguagechange.
4.causesofIanguagechange.
Chapter8:
LanguageAndSociety
1.therelationshipbetweenIanguageandsociety.
2.twoapproachestosociolinguisticstudies.
3.dialectalvarieties.
4.WhatcharacteristicsdoesBlackEnglishpossess?
5.Whatisregidtertheory?
6.Degreeofformality.
7.WhatisstandardEnglish?
8.PidginandCreole.
9.bilingualismanddiglossia.
Chapter9:
LanguageAndCulture
1.therelationshipbetweenIanguageandculture.
2.talkaboutSapir-WhorfHypothesis.
3.Listlinguisticevideneeofculturaldifferences.
4.culturaloverlapanddiffusion.
5.linguisticimperialismandlinguisticnationalism.
Chapter10:
LanguageAcquisition
1.TheoriesodchildIanguageacquisition.
2.cognitivefactorsinchildIanguagedevelopment.
3.languageenvironmentandCriticalPeriodHypothesis.
4.stagesinchildIanguagedevelopment.
5.TalkaboutvocabularychangeinchildIanguageacquisition.
Chapter11:
SecondLanguageAcquisition
1.connectionbetweenFirstIanguageacquisitionandSecondIanguageacquisition.
2.contrastiveanalysis.
3.positivetransferandnegativetransfer.
4.Erroranalysis.
5.errorandmistake.
6.interlanguageandfossilization.
7.theroleofnativeIanguageinSecondIanguageacquisition.
8.InputHypothesis.
9.learningandacquisition.*
10.inputandintake.
11.individualdiffereneeinSLA.
Chapter12:
LanguageAndBrain
1.Whatmethodsinthestudyofthebrainandevidencesforlateralizationcanwe
use?
2.WhatcharacteristicsdoesBroca'aphasiahave?
3.What'distinctionsdoBroca'aphasiaandWernicke'aphasiahave?
4.phonologicaldyslexiaandsurfacedyslexia?
5.WhatresearchmethodscanbeusedtoseetheIanguagerepresentationand
processinginthemind?
6.distinctionbetweenlexicaldecisionandtheprimingexperiement.
7.Twowaystoprocesstheinformationinthemind?
8.Talkaboutpsycholinguisticmodeling.
南师大英语语言学卷子的题型,一直都保持着同样的类型。
所以复习时,我们就可以根据这
些规律,按照题型进行应试”复习。
这里附上我自己做问答题时的答案。
不过,这只是一些我个人的见解。
仅供参考!
如果
能够对大家有所帮助,就是我的快乐哦。
1.Explainwithexamplesthethreenotionsofphone,phonemeandallophone,andalso
howtheyarerelated.
(1)Aphoneisaspeechsound,itisphoneticunit.Anysoundwehearinthecourse
ofcommunicationsaphone,suchas/u:
/,/l/,/p/,/p'.
(2)Aphonemeisaphonologicalunit.Itisnotaconcretesoundbutanabstract
notion.Itisacollectionoffeatures.Itcanberealizedasdifferentphonesin
differentphoneticcontexts.Foeexample,thephoneme/l/canberealizedasaclear
[l]oradark[l],dependingonwhereitoccursinasoundcombination.
(3)Theactuallyphoneticrealizationsofaphonemearecalleditsallophones.
Allophonesaretheactualphoneswehearinlinguisticcommunication.
2.Explainwhatissenseandwhatisrefereneewithexamples.(07初试考过)
(1)Sensereferstotheinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,whichisacollection
ofsemanticmeanings,itisabstractanddecontextualizedwhilerefereneeiswhat
alinguisticformreferstointherealworld.Itisamatteroftherelationship
betweentheformandthereality.Foeexample,thesenseoftheworddog”isoftendefinedasadomesticated,caninemammal”.Thisdoesnotrefertoanyparticulardogthatexistsintherealworld,butappliestoanyanimalthatmeetsthefeaturesdescribedinthedefinition.
(2)Refereneemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointherealphysicalworld,which
dealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguistic
worldofexperienee.Thereferenceoftheworddog"inThedogisbarking”for
examplereferstoaparticulardogknowntoboththespeakerandthehearerinaparticularsituationwhereaconversationistakingplace.
3.Explainhowtheinventoryofsoundscanchange,givingsomeexamplesinEnglishforillustration.
Theinventoryofsoundscanchange,andsoundchangesincludechangesinvowel
sounds,soundloss,soundaddition,andsoundmovement.
(1)Vowelsoundchange:
Englishhadundergonethesystematicandregularchangesinthevowelsounds,knownastheGreatVowelshiftwhichoccurredattheendofthe
MiddleEnglishperiodandwhichinvolvedsevenlong,ortensevowels.Thesechangesledtooneofthemajordiscrepanciesbetweenthephonemicrepresentationsofwordsandmorphones,i.e.betweenpronunciationandthespellingsystemofmodernEnglish,e.g.five-a/fi:
v/(middleEnglish)--->/faiv/(modernEnglish).
(2)Soundloss:
Soundscanchangebythelossofphonemes.InthehistoryofEnglish
thevelarfricative/x/waslost.ThissoundexistedinOldEnglishsonight”was
pronouncedas/nixt/,butinModernEnglish,itpronouncedas/nait/.
(3)Soundaddition:
Soundadditionincludesthegainorinsertionofasound.For
example,thewordleisurewasborrowedfromFrench,sothephoneme/3wasadded
totheinventoryofEnglishsounds.Achangethatinvolvestheinsertionofaconsonantorvowelsoundtothemiddleofawordisknownasepenthesis,e.g.
spinle--dspindle.
(4)Soundmovement:
Soundchangeasaresultofsoundmovementknownasmetathesis
involvesareversalinpositionoftwoadjoiningsoundsegments.Metathesisislesscommon,butitdoesexist.InsomedialectsorEnglish,forexample,thewordask”ispronouncedas/aks/.Bridd"ischangedtotheformofbird”.
4.
Brieflydiscusstheindividualfactors
Ianguage.(06初试考过)
TheacquisitionofasecondIanguageisdependentonacombinationoffactors.TherateandultimatesuccessinSLAareaffectednotonlybylearner'experieneewithoptionalinputandinstruction,butalsobyindividuallearnerfactors.Thelearner
factorsthathavecapturedtheattentionofSLAresearchersincludeIanguage
aptitudes,motivations,learningstrategies,age,andpersonalityetc.
(1)LanguageaptitudereferstoanaturalabilityforlearningasecondIanguage.
Itisbelievedtoberelatedtoalearner'generalintelligenee.Ithadbeenaccepted
thatlearnerswhoachievehighscoresinIanguageaptitudetestslearnrapidlyandachievehighproficiencyinsecondIanguagelearning.
(2)Motivationisdefinedasthelearner'attitudesandaffectivestateorlearning
drive.Fourtypesofmotivations,namely,instrumentalmotivation,integrative
and
motivation,resultativemotivationandintrinsicmotivation,promotelearning
theyarecomplementarytoeachother.
Aslearners'strongmotivationpromotes
their
learning,theirlearningprogressor
achievementwillinreturnenhancetheir
Ianguagelearningmotivationfurther.
efficiency.Threelearningstrategies
are
identified,
namely,cognitive
affect/socialstrategies.Successfullearnerstendtousemorestrategiesandusethemmoreselectivelyandflexibly.
(4)
been
AgeofacquisitionforSLAdoesn'tmeanfheyoungerthebetter”,butithas
demonstratedthatadolescentsarequickerandmoreeffectiveSecondIanguagelearnersthanyoungchildren.TheearlyteenagersaregoodlearnersbecausetheirflexibilityoftheIanguageacquisitionfacultyhasnotbeencompletelylostand
theircognitiveskillshavedevelopedconsiderablytofacilitatetheprocessingof
linguisticfeaturesofanewIanguage.
(5)PersonalitycharacteristicsarelikelytoaffectsecondIanguagelearning.The
generaloutgoingadultlearnerslearnmorequicklyandthereforearemoresuccessfulthanthegenerallyreservedones.
5.PIeaseexplaintherouteoffirstIanguageacquisition.
Languageisacquiredinsequenceofidentifiablestagesduringaveryspecificmaturationalperiodofhumandevelopmentwitheachsuccessivestagemorecloselyapproximatingtheadultgrammar.Childrenfollowthesimilardevelopmentstages,
thatis,theprelinguisticstageandthelinguisticstages.Thelinguisticstagesineludeth
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