讲义Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela.docx
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讲义Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela.docx
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讲义NelsonRolihlahlaMandela
NelsonRolihlahlaMandela
NelsonRolihlahlaMandela(18July1918–5December2013)wasaSouthAfricananti-apartheidrevolutionary,politicianandphilanthropistwhoservedasPresidentofSouthAfricafrom1994to1999.HewasSouthAfrica'sfirstblackchiefexecutive,andthefirstelectedinafullyrepresentativedemocraticelection.Hisgovernmentfocusedondismantlingthelegacyofapartheidthroughtacklinginstitutionalisedracism,povertyandinequality,andfosteringracialreconciliation.PoliticallyanAfricannationalistanddemocraticsocialist,heservedasPresidentoftheAfricanNationalCongress(ANC)from1991to1997.Internationally,MandelawasSecretaryGeneraloftheNon-AlignedMovementfrom1998to1999.
Mandelaserved27yearsinprison,initiallyonRobbenIsland,andlaterinPollsmoorPrisonandVictorVersterPrison.Aninternationalcampaignlobbiedforhisrelease.Hewasreleasedin1990,duringatimeofescalatingcivilstrife.MandelajoinednegotiationswithPresidentF.W.deKlerktoabolishapartheidandestablishmultiracialelectionsin1994,inwhichheledtheANCtovictoryandbecameSouthAfrica'sfirstblackpresident.Hepublishedhisautobiographyin1995.
Mandelawasacontroversialfigureformuchofhislife.Denouncedasacommunistterroristbycritics,heneverthelessgainedinternationalacclaimforhisactivism,havingreceivedmorethan250honours,includingthe1993NobelPeacePrize,theUSPresidentialMedalofFreedom,andtheSovietOrderofLenin.HeisheldindeeprespectwithinSouthAfrica,whereheisoftendescribedas"thefatherofthenation".
EarlyLife:
Mandelawasbornon18July1918inthevillageofMvezoinUmtata,thenapartofSouthAfrica'sCapeProvince.
"Nooneinmyfamilyhadeverattendedschool.Onthefirstdayofschool,myteacher,MissMdingane,gaveeachofusanEnglishname.ThiswasthecustomamongAfricansinthosedaysandwasundoubtedlyduetotheBritishbiasofoureducation.Thatday,MissMdinganetoldmethatmynewnamewasNelson.WhythisparticularnameIhavenoidea."
Laterstatingthathisearlylifewasdominatedby"custom,ritualandtaboo",Mandelagrewupwithtwosistersinhismother'skraalinthevillageofQunu,wherehetendedherdsasacattle-boy,spendingmuchtimeoutsidewithotherboys.Bothhisparentswereilliterate,butbeingadevoutChristian,hismothersenthimtoalocalMethodistschoolwhenhewasaboutseven.BaptisedaMethodist,MandelawasgiventheEnglishforenameof"Nelson"byhisteacher.WhenMandelawasaboutnine,hisfathercametostayatQunu,wherehediedofanundiagnosedailmentwhichMandelabelievedtobelungdisease.Feeling"cutadrift",helatersaidthatheinheritedhisfather's"proudrebelliousness"and"stubbornsenseoffairness".
Revolutionaryactivity
BeginninglawstudiesattheUniversityofWitwatersrand,MandelawastheonlynativeAfricanstudent,andthoughfacingracism,hebefriendedliberalandcommunistEuropean,Jewish,andIndianstudents.JoiningtheANC,MandelawasincreasinglyinfluencedbySisulu,spendingmuchtimewithotheractivistsatSisulu'sOrlandohouse,includingoldfriendOliverTambo.In1943,MandelametAntonLembede,anAfricannationalistvirulentlyopposedtoaraciallyunitedfrontagainstcolonialismandimperialismortoanalliancewiththecommunists.Despitehisfriendshipswithnon-blacksandcommunists,MandelasupportedLembede'sviews,believingthatblackAfricansshouldbeentirelyindependentintheirstruggleforpoliticalself-determination.DecidingontheneedforayouthwingtomassmobiliseAfricansinoppositiontotheirsubjugation,MandelawasamongadelegationthatapproachedANCPresidentAlfredBitiniXumaonthesubjectathishomeinSophiatown;theAfricanNationalCongressYouthLeague(ANCYL)wasfoundedonEasterSunday1944intheBantuMen'sSocialCentreinEloffStreet,withLembedeasPresidentandMandelaasamemberoftheexecutivecommittee.
InJuly1947,MandelarushedLembede,whowasill,tohospital,wherehedied;hewassucceededasANCYLpresidentbythemoremoderatePeterMda,whoagreedtoco-operatewithcommunistsandnon-blacks,appointingMandelaANCYLsecretary.MandeladisagreedwithMda'sapproach,inDecember1947supportinganunsuccessfulmeasuretoexpelcommunistsfromtheANCYL,consideringtheirideologyun-African.In1947,MandelawaselectedtotheexecutivecommitteeoftheTransvaalANC,servingunderregionalpresidentC.S.Ramohanoe.WhenRamohanoeactedagainstthewishesoftheTransvaalExecutiveCommitteebyco-operatingwithIndiansandcommunists,Mandelawasoneofthosewhoforcedhisresignation.
IntheSouthAfricangeneralelection,1948,inwhichonlywhiteswerepermittedtovote,theAfrikaner-dominatedHerenigdeNasionalePartyunderDanielFrançoisMalantookpower,soonunitingwiththeAfrikanerPartytoformtheNationalParty.Openlyracialist,thepartycodifiedandexpandedracialsegregationwiththenewapartheidlegislation.GainingincreasinginfluenceintheANC,Mandelaandhiscadresbeganadvocatingdirectactionagainstapartheid,suchasboycottsandstrikes,influencedbythetacticsofSouthAfrica'sIndiancommunity.Xumadidnotsupportthesemeasuresandwasremovedfromthepresidencyinavoteofnoconfidence,replacedbyJamesMorokaandamoremilitantcabinetcontainingSisulu,Mda,TamboandGodfreyPitje;Mandelalaterrelatedthat"WehadnowguidedtheANCtoamoreradicalandrevolutionarypath."Havingdevotedhistimetopolitics,MandelafailedhisfinalyearatWitwatersrandthreetimes;hewasultimatelydeniedhisdegreeinDecember1949.
DefianceCampaignandTransvaalANCPresidency:
1950–1954
MandelatookXuma'splaceontheANCNationalExecutiveinMarch1950.Thatmonth,theDefendFreeSpeechConventionwasheldinJohannesburg,bringingtogetherAfrican,Indianandcommunistactiviststocallananti-apartheidgeneralstrike.MandelaopposedthestrikebecauseitwasnotANC-led,butamajorityofblackworkerstookpart,resultinginincreasedpolicerepressionandtheintroductionoftheSuppressionofCommunismAct,1950,affectingtheactionsofallprotestgroups.In1950,MandelawaselectednationalpresidentoftheANCYL;attheANCnationalconferenceofDecember1951,hecontinuedarguingagainstaraciallyunitedfront,butwasoutvoted.
In1952,theANCbeganpreparationforajointDefianceCampaignagainstapartheidwithIndianandcommunistgroups,foundingaNationalVoluntaryBoardtorecruitvolunteers.DecidingonapathofnonviolentresistanceinfluencedbyMahatmaGandhi,someconsideredittheethicaloption,butMandelainsteadconsidereditpragmatic.AtaDurbanrallyon22June,Mandelaaddressedanassembledcrowdof10,000,initiatingthecampaignprotests,forwhichhewasarrestedandbrieflyinternedinMarshallSquareprison.Withfurtherprotests,theANC'smembershipgrewfrom20,000to100,000;thegovernmentrespondedwithmassarrests,introducingthePublicSafetyAct,1953topermitmartiallaw.InMay,authoritiesbannedTransvaalANCPresidentJ.B.Marksfrommakingpublicappearances;unabletomaintainhisposition,herecommendedMandelaashissuccessor.Althoughtheultra-AfricanistBafabegiyagroupopposedhiscandidacy,MandelawaselectedregionalpresidentinOctober.
On30July1952,MandelawasarrestedundertheSuppressionofCommunismActandstoodtrialasapartofthe21accused–inJohannesburg.Foundguiltyof"statutorycommunism",theirsentenceofninemonths'hardlabourwassuspendedfortwoyears.InDecember,Mandelawasgivenasix-monthbanfromattendingmeetingsortalkingtomorethanoneindividualatatime,makinghisTransvaalANCpresidencyimpractical.TheDefianceCampaignpeteredout.InSeptember1953,AndrewKunenereadoutMandela's"NoEasyWalktoFreedom"speechataTransvaalANCmeeting;thetitlewastakenfromaquotebyIndianindependenceleaderJawaharlalNehru,aseminalinfluenceonMandela'sthought.ThespeechlaidoutacontingencyplanforascenarioinwhichtheANCwasbanned.ThisMandelaPlan,orM-Plan,involveddividingtheorganisationintoacellstructurewithamorecentralisedleadership.
Theapartheidsystempervadedallareasoflife.
On5December1956,MandelawasarrestedalongsidemostoftheANCExecutivefor"hightreason"againstthestate.HeldinJohannesburgPrisonamidmassprotests,theyunderwentapreparatoryexaminationinDrillHallon19December,beforebeinggrantedbail.
InApril1959,militantAfricanistsdissatisfiedwiththeANC'sunitedfrontapproachfoundedthePan-AfricanCongress(PAC);Mandela'sfriendRobertSobukwewaselectedpresident,thoughMandelathoughtthegroup"immature".Bothpartiescampaignedforananti-passcampaigninMay1960,inwhichAfricansburnedthepassesthattheywerelegallyobligedtocarry.OneofthePAC-organiseddemonstrationswasfireduponbypolice,resultinginthedeathsof69protestersintheSharpevillemassacre.Insolidarity,MandelapubliclyburnedhispassasriotingbrokeoutacrossSouthAfrica,leadingthegovernmenttoproclaimmartiallaw.UndertheStateofEmergencymeasures,Mandelaandotheractivistswerearrestedon30March,imprisonedwithoutchargeintheunsanitaryconditionsofthePretoriaLocalprison,andtheANCandPACwerebannedinApril.Thismadeitdifficultfortheirlawyerstoreachthem,anditwasagreedthatthedefenceteamfortheTreasonTrialshouldwithdrawinprotest.Representingthemselvesincourt,theaccusedwerefreedfromprisonwhenthestateofemergencywasliftedinlateAugust.MandelausedhisfreetimetoorganiseanAll-InAfricanConferencenearPietermaritzburg,Natal,in
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