西方哲学史.docx
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西方哲学史.docx
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西方哲学史
WesternPhilosophy
Objectives:
1.knowledge-wise:
Getacomprehensiveoverviewofthemainphilosophicalmovementsfromawesternpointofview;
2.English-wise:
-Getintouchwithaspecificvocabulary
-Usethisvocabularyinclasswiththeteacherandthestudents
-Expressideas,contradictions,assumptions,andsooninaappropriateway
3.Ability-wise:
beabletocomparetheoriesandgiveexamplesandcounter-examples
RESILIENCY-DONOTGIVEUP
Courseoverview:
A.AncientPhilosophy
-FromGreekmythstophilosophy;
-FromphilosophytoChristianity;
-DidGreeksbelievedintheirmyths?
;
-Stoicism;
B.ModernPhilosophy:
-Atheism
-…
Origins:
AncientGreece
A.Ahistoricalevent:
-Fromtraditiontophilosophy
-Etymology:
“keeninterestinwaysofbecomingwise”
B.2coreprinciples:
-Centralquestionsofhumans’life
-Reasoning
Origins:
AncientGreece
C.Differentwaystoreachwisdom:
Poetry,Politics,Law-making,…
D.Firstarguments:
Ethic(Socrates)andTheoria(Plato)
E.Theimportanceofexploringourphysicalworld(Theoria)tochallengetradition’sassumptions.
Summary:
GreektraditionphilosophyChristianity
pagansecularreligious
History:
-Greece=culturalhubinthe5thcenturyBC
-RomanEmpiretookoverEuropeinthefirstcenturyBC
-Christianityspreadinthe4thcenturyAC
A.Whatisamyth?
B.TheCosmos
-Thebookthatexplainstheoriginsoftheworld:
Theogony,Hesiod
GAIA(earth)&OURANOS(sky)
=Chaoticgods
TitansandCyclops-CRONOS
Olympiangods–ZEUSHarmoniousgods
-Humansdiscoveredtheworldinitsharmoniousstage
-HarmonyisacentralconceptinGreektraditionasopposedtoHybris.Itwilllateronbeusedalsoinphilosophy.
A.Theacceptanceofmortality
-Averyimportantmyth:
Ulysses’travel
-HerewecanseeaschemethatcanberepeatedlyobservedinGreekmythology:
First,thereisawarandthenpeace.
-Ulysses’decisiontodeclineCalypso’sofferreflectshiswilltobringharmonyback.
WesternPhilosophy–week2
1.Definitionofaphilosopher:
“Somebodythathasakeeninterestinthedifferentwaystobecomewise.”
2.2Coreprinciples:
-ReasoningSacrifices
-Centralquestionsofahuman’slife:
PlatoQ:
HumansWorld
SocratesQ:
HumansHumans
3.Mythology:
(2myths:
TheogonyandUlysses’travel)
1stmessage:
ChaosHarmony(Ex:
Theogony,Hesiod+Trojanwar)
2ndmessage:
Itisbettertoliveaperfectmortallifethanaimperfectimmortallife(Ex:
Ulysses’travel+myfriendwholefthiswell-paidjob)
1.AnimportantremarkaboutwhatgodsmeantforGreeks:
-Gods=Nature
-Mythicalstoriesaboutgods=amirrorofhumans’activities
Why?
Commonsetofvaluesneededinordertoconnecthumansandtobuildasociety
2.Myths=Fictivestoriesthataimatconveyingvaluesandmessagesthroughacommunity.
Theoriginsofphilosophy
3.5coreissuestackledbyGreekmyths:
A.Theoriginsoftheworldandhumans(WhatTheogonyisusefulto?
)
B.HowwillHumansadapttotheworldmadebygods
C.Howhumans’arrogancewillthreatenharmony
D.Howhumanscanbecomehalf-godbypreservingharmony
E.Whydounfortunateeventsstrikeindifferently‘bad’and‘good’persons?
WesternPhilosophy–week3
B.HowwillHumansadapttotheworldmadebygods?
C.WhathappensifhumanslivetheirlifewithoutrespectingNature’sharmony?
C.WhathappensifhumanslivetheirlifewithoutrespectingNature’sharmony?
D.Howhumansreachthestatusof‘hero’whentheyrestoreharmony.
Ex:
Ulysses,Heracles,…
WesternPhilosophy–week4
1.Differentcharacteristicsofmyths:
-They“travel”fromonegenerationtoanotherthankstostorytelling;
-Theyareanonymous;
-Theytookplaceinafictionalenvironment;
2.Originsofmyths:
-Dreamsthatweredirectmessagesfromgods;
3.Goals:
-Fillintheblanks;
-Helpeachgenerationtoknowabouttheheroicoriginsoftheirnativecity;
-Createsocietalbonds.
4.Conditionstofulfillinordertoreachgoals:
-Thestorytellerneedstobearecognizedauthority;
-Storiesneededtorelyonhumanfeelings.
5.Whytraditionhasbeenchallenged:
-Reasoning;
-Historicalinterest.
Historians=Reporters
Ancienthistorianswererelyingonamerehypothesis:
“Mostpeopledon’thaveanyinterestatlying”
Culture=differentofours;
Theywerenotawaretheywerelying.
2examplesofMonism:
ThalesandGalen.
1.Thales:
-“Everythingiswater”;
-Chemicalexplanation -Ageneralstatementbasedonahunchforitscontemporariestoseetheworldinadifferentway. 2.Galen: -Acomprehensivetheorythatfindsapplicationinmedicine; -Theremedymadefrom“thepartofacentaur’sbody”; -Thecentaursandtheoriginsofhisfineart. -Modernexamples: theMonroedoctrine,warinLibya, Pharmaceuticalcompanies,… Thechannelismerelythemediumusedtotransmitthesignalfromtransmittertoreceiver. Thereceiverordinarilyperformstheinverseoperationofthatdonebythetransmitter,reconstructingthemessagefromthesignal. Thenoiseisaperturbationthatflawsthesignalduringtransmissionoratoneortheotheroftheterminals.Thismeansthatthereceivedsignalisnotnecessarilythesameasthatsentoutbythetransmitter. 3risks: -Differentfieldofexperiences/Culture; -Communicationisinterruptedinanoisyenvironment; -Thestorytellerchoosethewrongmedium. WesternPhilosophy–week5 1.Moderndefinitionofastoicattitude: “apersonwhocanendurepainorhardshipwithoutshowingtheirfeelingsorcomplaining”. 2.WhyphilosophyforStoics? –wearemortal; –lifeisshort. StoicismCharacteristics: -Universaltheory;Theoryoftheworld-——Theoryofhumanbeings’behavior -Animistic;Natureisconscious -Pantheist;Nature——ruledbylogic——existedbeforehumanbeings -Dogmatic.Hunches(perception)>Reason 3.PreviousanswersfromGreektraditiontothequestionofthefearofdeath: -Havingdescendants; =Itpermitshumanstolettheirspeciessurvive,butourchildrenarestillmortals. -Becomingahero. =Myths,heroicstories,songs,…Historyallowsheroesnottobeforgotten.E.g.Achilles,USPresidents. But,doesithelpattheverymomentofourdeath? 4.Stoicismwillofferathirdpath: 5.Stoicsofferpracticalexercisesonhowtogetridofthefearofdeath: Givemeadefinitionofhope afeelingofexpectationanddesireforacertainthingtohappeninthefuture. AccordingtoStoics,hopehindersourabilitytoactonthepresent.E.g.Exams,tennisplayers. Givemeadefinitionofnostalgia asentimentallongingorwistfulaffectionforthepast,typicallyforaperiodorplacewithhappypersonalassociations AccordingtoStoics,nostalgiahindersourabilitytoactonthepresent.E.g.pastlove,“Thingswerebetterinmytime”. 6.ConclusiononStoicism: Consequencesoffocusingonthepresent: -Hopeandnostalgiaareevacuated; -anti-materialisticphilosophy; -Stoicstendtostayawayfromhumanfeelings. 7.Criticisms: Theentiretheoryisbasedonahunch=>Reasoningabilitiesareevacuated; Thepracticalexercisesworkfinewheneverythingisfineinourlife.But,whenwearedealingwithdifficultiesstoicismmightbedestructive.E.g.Sickness; Thetheoryexplainingwhyweshouldnotfeardeathisimpersonal=>Itisdifficultforindividualstoberelievedduringtheirlifetime. WesternPhilosophy–week7 1.Moderndefinitionofasophist: “apersonwhomakesuseoffallaciousarguments,especiallyoneuseddeliberatelytodeceive”. 2.Evolutionofthedefinitionthroughtime: Greektime(Greeklanguage)Romantime(Latin) =triestobecomewise=usesclevertricks DuringancientGreektime,Sophistswereofferingtheirservicesaspreceptors; SophistsPhilosophers TurnkeyconceptsLife-longaspirationtowisdom 3.SophistsasopposedtotheancientGreektraditionaleducation: →Traditionaleducation: -artandsports; -Virtueswereinherited=aristocraticvision. →Sophismbroughtsomethingnew: acitizencouldstandoutfromthecrowdthankstoeducation. →Itispossibletobecomevirtuous →ProtagorasandtheartofPolitics: “Hedoesn’tteachtheartofmanagingacitybutthearttodecidebasedonone’sownconscience” “Anindividual’spossibilitytoconvinceothersisbasedonthisindividual’sabilitytoproviderightfularguments” RHETORIC——Sophists’goal=winoverdebates WhatskillswereofferingSophists? Theabilitytoobserve,tocollectusefulinformation,toanalyzeandultimately,toputalltheelementsinanargumentthatdoesn’tquestionpeople’scommonplaces. Allargumentsneedtobereasonable. 4.DemocracyfosteredSophism’seducationthroughGreece: -DebatesareatthecenterofDemocracy; -Oneneededtoconvincehisopponentsduringoraldebates =Thinkfastandbereactive; -Athenianaristocracywasn’tpreparedforthiskindofdebates. 5.Criticisms: -Indefensiblethesismightbejustifiedthankstointellectualtrickery.Thegoalisnottodiscoverthetruth,itistowinadebateusinganyargumentsaslongasitseemsacceptablebytheaudience.; -Thereispsychologicalanalysisofsophists;theytrytoforecastwhatwouldbetheaveragereasoningstanceadoptedbymostpeople. Examples: a.Thetrial; b.RomneytoObama’svoters: “Themomentyoufelttheproudest,waswhenyouelectedhim”. WesternPhilosophy–week8 Biography -427(? )–348BC; -SonofawealthyAthenianfamily; -ServedintheAthensArmyduring thePeloponnesianwar. PlatoandSocrates -PlatowasSocrates’student; -AlmosteverythingweknowaboutSocratescomesfromPlato’swritings; -AfterSocrates’
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