懂你L7U3part2.docx
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懂你L7U3part2.docx
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懂你L7U3part2
L7-U3-3/7:
OnReadingMinds1
BYRebeccaSaxe
A
1.TodayI'mgoingtotalktoyouabouttheproblemofotherminds.
2.AndtheproblemI'mgoingtotalkaboutisnotthefamiliaronefromphilosophy,whichis,"Howcanweknowwhetherotherpeoplehaveminds?
"
3.Thatis,maybeyouhaveamind,andeveryoneelseisjustareallyconvincing有说服力的;令人信服的robot.
4.Sothat'saprobleminphilosophy,butfortoday'spurposesI'mgoingtoassumethatmanypeopleinthisaudiencehaveamind,andthatIdon'thavetoworryaboutthis.
5.Thereisasecondproblemthatismaybeevenmorefamiliartousasparentsandteachersandspouses配偶andnovelists小说家,
6.Whichis,"Whyisitsohardtoknowwhatsomebodyelsewantsorbelieves?
"
7.Orperhaps,morerelevantly贴切地,"Whyisitsohardtochangewhatsomebodyelsewantsorbelieves?
"
8.Ithinknovelistsputthisbest.
9.LikePhilipRoth菲利普·罗斯,美国作家。
whosaid,"Andyet,whatarewetodoaboutthisterriblysignificantbusinessofotherpeople?
10.Soillequippedareweall,toenvision想像oneanother'sinterior内部的workingsandinvisible无形的aims目标."
11.Soasateacherandasaspouse配偶,thisis,ofcourse,aproblemIconfront面对;面临;everyday.
12.Butasascientist,I'minterestedinadifferentproblemofotherminds,andthatistheoneI'mgoingtointroducetoyoutoday.
13.Andthatproblemis,"Howisitsoeasytoknowotherminds?
"
14.Sotostartwithanillustration,youneedalmostnoinformation,onesnapshot快照;急射;快射;概要;概况ofastranger,toguesswhatthiswomanisthinking,orwhatthismanis.
15.Andputanotherway,thecrux症结;关键;难点oftheproblemisthemachinethatweuseforthinkingaboutotherminds,ourbrain,ismadeupofpieces,braincells,
16.thatwesharewithallotheranimals,withmonkeysandmiceandevenseaslugs海参.
17.Andyet,youputthemtogetherinaparticularnetwork,andwhatyougetisthecapacity最大容量;能力towriteRomeoandJuliet.
18.Ortosay,asAlanGreenspan艾伦·格林斯潘,美国犹太人,美国第十三任联邦储备委员会主席,任期跨越6届美国总统。
did,"IknowyouthinkyouunderstandwhatyouthoughtIsaid,butI'mnotsureyourealizethatwhatyouheardisnotwhatImeant."(Laughter)
练:
1.Peopleoftenmisunderstandeachotherwithoutrealizingit.
2.Tohighlightthedifficultyinunderstandingotherpeople’sthoughtsandemotions.
3.Thecruxoftheproblemisthemachinethatweuseforthinkingaboutotherminds,ourbrain,ismadeupofpieces,braincells,thatwesharewithallotheranimals.
4.Whichofthefollowingisacommontopicofdiscussioninphilosophy?
Whetherornototherpeopleareconscious
5."Soillequippedareweall,toenvisiononeanother'sinteriorworkingsandinvisibleaims"inthiscontextwhatdoes"oneinteriorworkings"referto?
howone'smindworks
Thecruxoftheproblemisthemostimportantordifficultpartofit.
6.Weoftenmisunderstandotherpeoplewithoutrealizingit.
7.Cognitivepsychologyisthescientificstudyofmentalprocesses.
L7-U3-3/7:
OnReadingMinds2
RebeccaSaxe
A
1.So,thejobofmyfieldofcognitive认识的neuroscienceistostandwiththeseideas,oneineachhand.
2.Andtotrytounderstandhowyoucanputtogethersimpleunits,simplemessagesoverspaceandtime,inanetwork,
3.Andgetthisamazinghumancapacity最大容量;能力tothinkaboutminds.
4.SoI'mgoingtotellyouthreethingsaboutthistoday.
5.Obviouslythewholeprojecthereishuge.
6.AndI'mgoingtotellyoujustourfirstfewstepsaboutthediscoveryofaspecialbrainregionforthinkingaboutotherpeople'sthoughts.
PPT:
Problemsofotherminds
(1)Specialbrainregion
(2)latedeveloping(3)Causalrole.
7.Someobservationsontheslowdevelopmentofthissystemaswelearnhowtodothisdifficultjob.
8.Andthenfinally,toshowthatsomeofthedifferencesbetweenpeople,inhowwejudgeothers,canbeexplainedbydifferencesinthisbrainsystem.
9.Sofirst,thefirstthingIwanttotellyouisthatthereisabrainregioninthehumanbrain,inyourbrains,whosejobitistothinkaboutotherpeople'sthoughts.
10.Thisisapictureofit.
11.It'scalledtheRightTemporo-ParietalJunction右侧颞顶交界处.It'saboveandbehindyourrightear.
12.Andthisisthebrainregionyouusedwhenyousawthepicture,Ishowedyou,orwhenyoureadRomeoandJulietorwhenyoutriedtounderstandAlanGreenspan.
13.Andyoudon'tuseitforsolvinganyotherkindsoflogicalproblems.
14.SothisbrainregioniscalledtheRightTPJ.
15.Andthispictureshowstheaverageactivationinagroupofwhatwecalltypicalhumanadults.
16.They'reMIT麻省理工undergraduates本科生.(Laughter)
17.ThesecondthingIwanttosayaboutthisbrainsystemisthatalthoughwehumanadultsarereallygoodatunderstandingotherminds,weweren'talwaysthatway.
18.Ittakeschildrenalongtimetobreakintothesystem.
19.I'mgoingtoshowyoualittlebitofthatlong,extendedprocess.
20.ThefirstthingI'mgoingtoshowyouisachangebetweenagethreeandfive,askidslearntounderstandthatsomebodyelsecanhavebeliefsthataredifferentfromtheirown.
21.SoI'mgoingtoshowyouafive-year-oldwhoisgettingastandardkindofpuzzle测验智力的游戏;令人费解的人;难题thatwecallthefalsebelieftask.
B
1.RebeccaSaxe(Video):
Thisisthefirstpirate海盗.HisnameisIvan.Andyouknowwhatpiratesreallylike?
2.Child:
What?
RS:
Piratesreallylikecheesesandwiches.
3.Child:
Cheese?
Ilovecheese!
RS:
Yeah.
4.SoIvanhasthischeesesandwich,andhesays,"Yumyumyumyumyum!
Ireallylovecheesesandwiches."
5.AndIvanputshissandwichoverhere,ontopofthepiratechest.
6.AndIvansays,"Youknowwhat?
Ineedadrinkwithmylunch."AndsoIvangoestogetadrink.
7.AndwhileIvanisawaythewindcomes,anditblowsthesandwichdownontothegrass.
8.Andnow,herecomestheotherpirate.ThispirateiscalledJoshua.
9.AndJoshuaalsoreallylovescheesesandwiches.SoJoshuahasacheesesandwichandhesays,"Yumyumyumyumyum!
Ilovecheesesandwiches."
10.Andheputshischeesesandwichoverhereontopofthepiratechest.
11.Child:
So,thatoneishis.RS:
ThatoneisJoshua's.That'sright.Child:
Andthenhiswentontheground.
12.RS:
That'sexactlyright.Child:
Sohewon'tknowwhichoneishis.RS:
Oh.SonowJoshuagoesofftogetadrink.
13.Ivancomesbackandhesays,"Iwantmycheesesandwich."SowhichonedoyouthinkIvanisgoingtotake?
14.Child:
Ithinkheisgoingtotakethatone.RS:
Yeah,youthinkhe'sgoingtotakethatone?
Allright.Let'ssee.
15.Ohyeah,youwereright.Hetookthatone.
16.Sothat'safive-year-oldwhoclearlyunderstandsthatotherpeoplecanhavefalsebeliefsandwhattheconsequencesarefortheiractions.
17.NowI'mgoingtoshowyouathree-year-oldwhogotthesamepuzzle.
18.RS:
AndIvansays,"Iwantmycheesesandwich."Whichsandwichishegoingtotake?
19.Doyouthinkhe'sgoingtotakethatone?
Let'sseewhathappens.Let'sseewhathedoes.HerecomesIvan.Andhesays,"Iwantmycheesesandwich."Andhetakesthisone.
20.Uh-oh.Whydidhetakethatone?
Child:
Hiswasonthegrass.
21.Sothethree-year-olddoestwothingsdifferently.
22.First,hepredicts预测Ivanwilltakethesandwichthat'sreallyhis.
23.Andsecond,whenheseesIvantakingthesandwichwherehelefthis,wherewewouldsayhe'stakingthatonebecausehethinksit'shis,
24.Thethree-year-oldcomesupwithanotherexplanation:
He'snottakinghisownsandwichbecausehedoesn'twantit,becausenowit'sdirty,ontheground.
25.Sothat'swhyhe'stakingtheothersandwich.
26.Nowofcourse,developmentdoesn'tendatfive.
27.Andwecanseethecontinuationofthisprocessoflearningtothinkaboutotherpeople'sthoughtsbyupping加大,繁荣;上升theante赌注andaskingchildrennow,notforanactionprediction,butforamoral道德judgment.
28.SofirstI'mgoingtoshowyouthethree-year-oldagain.
29.RS.:
SoisIvanbeingmeanandnaughty淘气的;不听话的fortakingJoshua'ssandwich?
Child:
Yeah.
30.RS:
ShouldIvangetintroublefortakingJoshua'ssandwich?
Child:
Yeah.
31.Soit'smaybenotsurprisinghethinksitwasmeanofIvantotakeJoshua'ssandwich,
32.SincehethinksIvanonlytookJoshua'ssandwichtoavoidhavingtoeathisowndirtysandwich.
33.ButnowI'mgoingtoshowyouthefive-year-old.
34.Rememberthefive-year-oldcompletelyunderstoodwhyIvantookJoshua'ssandwich.
35.RS:
WasIvanbeingmeanandnaughtyfortakingJoshua'ssandwich?
Child:
Um,yeah.
36.Andso,itisnotuntilageseventhatwegetwhatlooksmorelikeanadultresponse.
37.RS:
ShouldIvangetintroublefortakingJoshua'ssandwich?
38.Child:
No,becausethewindshouldgetintrouble.
39.Hesaysthewindshouldgetintroubleforswitchingthesandwiches.(Laughter)
练:
1.AccordingtoSaxe,whenpeopletrytounderstandthestoryofRomeoandJuliet,theyusetheRTPJ.
2.Whatdo"cognitiveneuroscience"likeSaxe'sstudy?
howthebrainconstructsthoughts
3.Todeterminewhichsandwichthefirstpiratewilltake.
4.WhatdidSaxelearnfromtheexperiment?
Theseven-year-olddemonstratedanadult-likemoraljudgment.
5.Whichofthestatementsaboutthethreeboys'experimentistrue?
The7-year-oldhaddevelopedasenseofmoraljudgmentsimilartoanadult's.
6.Whichofthefollowingisamoraljudgment?
heisameanandselfishman
7.Youdon'tusetheRTPJforsolvinganyotherkindsoflogicalproblems.
8.Moraljudgementsareevaluationsaboutwhetheranactionorapersonisgoodorbad.
L7-U3-3/7:
OnReadingMinds3
RebeccaSaxe
A
1.Andnowwhatwe'vestartedtodoinmylabistoputchildrenintothebrainscannerandaskwhat'sgoingonintheirbrainastheydevelopthisabilitytothinkaboutotherpeople'sthoughts.
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