托福能力测试题.docx
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托福能力测试题.docx
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托福能力测试题
托福能力测试题
启德教育TOEFL入学程度测试卷
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学员姓名____________________
学员年龄____________________
测试老师____________________
测试时间____________________
测试成绩____________________
建议班级____________________
一、阅读部分(20’)
TypesofSocialGroups
Lifeplacesusinacomplexwebofrelationshipswithotherpeople.OurhumannessarisesoutoftheserelationshipsinthecourseofsocialinteractionMoreover,ourhumannessmustbesustainedthroughsocialinteraction—andfairlyconstantlyso.Whenanassociationcontinueslongenoughfortwopeopletobecomelinkedtogetherbyarelativelystablesetofexpectations,itiscalledarelationship.
Peopleareboundwithinrelationshipsbytwotypesofbonds:
expressivetiesandinstrumentalties.Expressivetiesaresociallinksformedwhenweemotionallyinvestourselvesinandcommitourselvestootherpeople.Throughassociationwithpeoplewhoaremeaningfultous,weachieveasenseofsecurity,love,acceptance,companionship,andpersonalworth.Instrumentaltiesaresociallinksformedwhenwecooperatewithotherpeopletoachievesomegoal.Occasionally,thismaymeanworkingwithinsteadofagainstcompetitors.Moreoften,wesimplycooperatewithotherstoreachsomeendwithoutendowingtherelationshipwithanylargersignificance.
Sociologistshavebuiltonthedistinctionbetweenexpressiveandinstrumentaltiestodistinguishbetweentwotypesofgroups:
primaryandsecondary.Aprimarygroupinvolvestwoormorepeoplewhoenjoyadirect,intimate,cohesiverelationshipwithoneanother.Expressivetiespredominateinprimarygroups;weviewthepeopleasendsinthemselvesandvaluableintheirownright.Asecondarygroupentailstwoormorepeoplewhoareinvolvedinanimpersonalrelationshipandhavecometogetherforaspecific,practicalpurpose.Instrumentaltiespredominateinsecondarygroups;weperceivepeopleasmeanstoendsratherthanasendsintheirownright.Sometimesprimarygrouprelationshipsevolveoutofsecondarygrouprelationships.Thishappensinmanyworksettings.Peopleonthejoboftendevelopcloserelationshipswithcoworkersastheycometosharegripes,jokes,gossip,andsatisfactions.
Anumberofconditionsenhancethelikelihoodthatprimarygroupswillarise.First,groupsizeisimportant.Wefinditdifficulttogettoknowpeoplepersonallywhentheyaremillingaboutanddispersedinlargegroups.Insmallgroupswehaveabetterchancetoinitiatecontactandestablishrapportwiththem.Second,face-to-facecontactallowsustosizeupothers.Seeingandtalkingwithoneanotherinclosephysicalproximitymakespossibleasubtleexchangeofideasandfeelings.Andthird,theprobabilitythatwewilldevelopprimarygroupbondsincreasesaswehavefrequentandcontinuouscontact.Ourtieswithpeopleoftendeepenasweinteractwiththemacrosstimeandgraduallyevolveinterlockinghabitsandinterests.
Primarygroupsarefundamentaltousandtosociety.First,primarygroupsarecriticaltothesocializationprocess.Withinthem,infantsandchildrenareintroducedtothewaysoftheirsociety.Suchgroupsarethebreedinggroundsinwhichweacquirethenormsandvaluesthatequipusforsociallife.Sociologistsviewprimarygroupsasbridgesbetweenindividualsandthelargersocietybecausetheytransmit,mediate,andinterpretasociety'sculturalpatternsandprovidethesenseofonenesssocriticalforsocialsolidarity.
Second,primarygroupsarefundamentalbecausetheyprovidethesettingsinwhichwemeetmostofourpersonalneeds.Withinthem,weexperiencecompanionship,love,security,andanoverallsenseofwell-being.Notsurprisingly,sociologistsfindthatthestrengthofagroup'sprimarytieshasimplicationsforthegroup'sfunctioning.Forexample,thestrongertheprimarygrouptiesofasportsteamplayingtogether,thebettertheirrecordis.
Third,primarygroupsarefundamentalbecausetheyserveaspowerfulinstrumentsforsocialcontrol.Theirmemberscommandanddispensemanyoftherewardsthataresovitaltousandthatmakeourlivesseemworthwhile.Shouldtheuseofrewardsfail,memberscanfrequentlywinbyrejectingorthreateningtoostracizethosewhodeviatefromtheprimarygroup'snorms.Forinstance,somesocialgroupsemployshunning(apersoncanremaininthecommunity,butothersareforbiddentointeractwiththeperson)asadevicetobringintolineindividualswhosebehaviorgoesbeyondthatallowedbytheparticulargroup.Evenmoreimportant,primarygroupsdefinesocialrealityforusbystructuringourexperiences.Byprovidinguswithdefinitionsofsituations,theyelicitfromusbehaviorthatconformstogroup-devisedmeanings.Primarygroups,then,servebothascarriersofsocialnormsandasenforcersofthem.
Paragraph1:
Lifeplacesusinacomplexwebofrelationshipswithotherpeople.OurhumannessarisesoutoftheserelationshipsinthecourseofsocialinteractionMoreover,ourhumannessmustbesustainedthroughsocialinteraction—andfairlyconstantlyso.Whenanassociationcontinueslongenoughfortwopeopletobecomelinkedtogetherbyarelativelystablesetofexpectations,itiscalledarelationship.
1.Thewordcomplexinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○delicate
○elaborate
○private
○common
2.Accordingtoparagraph1,whichofthefollowingistrueofarelationship?
○Itisastructureofassociationswithmanypeople.
○Itshouldbestudiedinthecourseofasocialinteraction.
○Itplacesgreatdemandsonpeople.
○Itdevelopsgraduallyovertime.
Paragraph2:
Peopleareboundwithinrelationshipsbytwotypesofbonds:
expressivetiesandinstrumentalties.Expressivetiesaresociallinksformedwhenweemotionallyinvestourselvesinandcommitourselvestootherpeople.Throughassociationwithpeoplewhoaremeaningfultous,weachieveasenseofsecurity,love,acceptance,companionship,andpersonalworth.Instrumentaltiesaresociallinksformedwhenwecooperatewithotherpeopletoachievesomegoal.Occasionally,thismaymeanworkingwithinsteadofagainstcompetitors.Moreoften,wesimplycooperatewithotherstoreachsomeendwithoutendowingtherelationshipwithanylargersignificance.
3.Thewordendowinginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○leaving
○exposing
○providing
○understanding
4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutinstrumentaltiesfromtheauthor'smentionofworkingwithcompetitorsinparagraph2?
○Instrumentaltiescandevelopeveninsituationsinwhichpeoplewouldnormallynotcooperate.
○Instrumentaltiesrequireasmuchemotionalinvestmentasexpressiveties.
○Instrumentaltiesinvolvesecurity,love,andacceptance.
○Instrumentaltiesshouldbeexpectedtobesignificant.
Paragraph3:
Sociologistshavebuiltonthedistinctionbetweenexpressiveandinstrumentaltiestodistinguishbetweentwotypesofgroups:
primaryandsecondary.Aprimarygroupinvolvestwoormorepeoplewhoenjoyadirect,intimate,cohesiverelationshipwithoneanother.Expressivetiespredominateinprimarygroups;weviewthepeopleasendsinthemselvesandvaluableintheirownright.Asecondarygroupentailstwoormorepeoplewhoareinvolvedinanimpersonalrelationshipandhavecometogetherforaspecific,practicalpurpose.Instrumentaltiespredominateinsecondarygroups;weperceivepeopleasmeanstoendsratherthanasendsintheirownright.Sometimesprimarygrouprelationshipsevolveoutofsecondarygrouprelationships.Thishappensinmanyworksettings.Peopleonthejoboftendevelopcloserelationshipswithcoworkersastheycometosharegripes,jokes,gossip,andsatisfactions.
5.Accordingtoparagraph3,whatdosociologistsseeasthemaindifferencebetweenprimaryandsecondarygroups?
○Primarygroupsconsistofpeopleworkingtogether,whilesecondarygroupsexistoutsideofworksettings.
○Inprimarygroupspeopleareseenasmeans,whileinsecondarygroupspeopleareseenasends.
○Primarygroupsinvolvepersonalrelationships,whilesecondarygroupsaremainlypracticalinpurpose.
○Primarygroupsaregenerallysmall,whilesecondarygroupsoftencontainmorethantwopeople.
6.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromtheauthor'sclaiminparagraph3thatprimarygrouprelationshipssometimesevolveoutofsecondarygrouprelationships?
○Secondarygrouprelationshipsbeginbybeingprimarygrouprelationships.
○Asecondarygrouprelationshipthatishighlyvisiblequicklybecomesaprimarygrouprelationship.
○Sociologistsbelievethatonlyprimarygrouprelationshipsareimportanttosociety.
○Eveninsecondarygroups,frequentcommunicationservestobringpeopleintocloserelationships.
Paragraph4:
Anumberofconditionsenhancethelikelihoodthatprimarygroupswillarise.First,groupsizeisimportant.Wefinditdifficulttogettoknowpeoplepersonallywhentheyaremillingaboutanddispersedinlargegroups.Insmallgroupswehaveabetterchancetoinitiatecontactandestablishrapportwiththem.Second,face-to-facecontactallowsustosizeupothers.Seeingandtalkingwithoneanotherinclosephysicalproximitymakespossibleasubtleexchangeofideasandfeelings.Andthird,theprobabilitythatwewilldevelopprimarygroupbondsincreasesaswehavefrequentandcontinuouscontact.Ourtieswithpeopleoftendeepenasweinteractwiththemacrosstimeandgraduallyevolveinterlockinghabitsandinterests.
7.Thephrasesizeupinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
○enlarge
○evaluate
○impress
○accept
Paragraph5:
Primarygroupsarefundamentaltousandtosociety.First,primarygroupsarecriticaltothesocializationprocess.Withinthem,infantsandchildrenareintroducedtothewaysoftheirsociety.S
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