远航雅思托福阅读入门 Lesson 2.docx
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远航雅思托福阅读入门 Lesson 2.docx
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远航雅思托福阅读入门Lesson2
LessonTwo
PartOne:
BarriersofReading
障碍一:
阅读速度
解决方法:
•精简重复性内容
•精简可预知内容:
对比类比
•精简补充性细节内容
障碍二:
词汇及语法有效支撑不足
•1)针对词汇的解决办法:
•需记忆:
特定话题高频词parasitism
•需推断:
学术概念低频词endo-parasite
•一带而过:
特定称谓低频词Cuckoo
•托福考试越来越突出推断词义的能力
三种结构帮助推测词义
•系表结构:
be/remain
•定语从句:
that/which
•同位插入:
…,/-…-
•TheOgallalaaquiferisasandstoneformationthatunderliessome583,000squarekilometersoflandextendingfromnorthwesternTexastosouthernSouthDakota.[系表结构+定语解释]
•peoplehaveexperiencedatrancestate,ahighlysuggestivestateoflowconsciousnessbetweenwakingandsleeping.[同位解释]
•2)针对语法的解决办法:
•舍弃应试思维,还原语法本质
障碍三:
不能区分信息重要层级
•解决方法:
•区分主次变速阅读
•信息点<重点<要点
障碍四:
不能构建信息点关联架构
•解决方法:
•建立逻辑模型提炼架构笔记
Example
•P1:
Parasitism
•harm
•together
•not
•P2:
2kinds
•endoecto
•hookworm
•passive
•P3:
ecto
•complex
•leeches
•
总分结构
•时间顺序结构
•对比结构
•
问题-解决
•现象-原因内容
•概念-解释
•Parasitism概念
•
harm
•together解释
•not
•
•2kinds
•
Endo
•
hookworm概念1’+解释
•passive
•总分结构
•
•
Ecto
•leeches概念2’+解释
•complex
障碍五:
主动推测与预测能力
•解决方法:
•主动总结要点(总结)
•填补逻辑空白(预测)
•Parasitism概念
•
harm
•together解释
•not
•2kinds
•
Endo
•hookworm概念1’+解释
•passive内/被动
•总分结构
•
Ecto
•leeches概念2’+解释
•complex外/主动
PartTwo:
Exercise
(2)
3.RhetoricalPurposeQuestion(0-2题)
目的题重点考察作者写作意图
TheauthordiscussedXinP2inorderto…
WhydoestheauthormentionX?
TheauthorusesXasanexampleof…
1)常见功能词汇
Argue支持观点
Against反对观点(一般情况不可以排除)
Illustrate
Note
Demonstrate
Compareorcontrast
Refute
Differentiate
Counter
Predict
Summarize
Cautionv.(警告)Warn
Provide
2)常考逻辑关系
①举例关系A,eg.B(同句考察);A.eg.B(跨句考察)
A(换行)eg.B(跨段)词B答A(B通常见较难部分)
2解释关系
通过形式解释:
A:
B,A-B,A(B),A“B”
通过内容解释
Ais/thatisBtheyreferto
AisdefinedasB问B答A
1为中心句服务,如果无转折
2如果有转折,则为转折后句义服务
3Forexample,like则最有可能为上一句服务
1.Paragraph5:
Theweather,initsmanyforms,isthemainagentoferosion.Rainwashesawayloosesoilandpenetratescracksintherocks.Carbondioxideintheairreactswiththerainwater,formingaweakacid(carbonicacid)thatmaychemicallyattacktherocks.Therainseepsundergroundandthewatermayreappearlaterassprings.Thesespringsarethesourcesofstreamsandrivers,whichcutthroughtherocksandcarryawaydebrisfromthemountainstothelowlands.
WhydoestheauthormentionCarbondioxideinthepassage?
Toexplaintheoriginofachemicalthatcaneroderocks
Tocontrastcarbondioxidewithcarbonicacid
Togiveanexampleofhowrainwaterpenetratessoil
Toargueforthedesirabilityofpreventingerosion
2.Howarewetounderstandtheirdifferentfeedingpreferences?
Theanswerliesintwoassociateddifferencesamongthespecies,intheirdigestivesystemsandbodysizes.Accordingtotheirdigestivesystems,theseherbivorescanbedividedintotwocategories:
thenonruminants(suchasthezebra,whichhasadigestivesystemlikeahorse)andtheruminants(suchasthewildebeest,topi,andgazelle,whicharelikethecow).Nonruminantscannotextractmuchenergyfromthehardpartsofaplant;however,thisismorethanmadeupforbythefastspeedatwhichfoodpassesthroughtheirguts.Thus,whenthereisonlyashortsupplyofpoor-qualityfood,thewildebeest,topi,andgazelleenjoyanadvantage.Theyareruminantsandhaveaspecialstructure(therumen)intheirstomachs,whichcontainsmicroorganismsthatcanbreakdownthehardpartsofplants.Foodpassesonlyslowlythroughtheruminant’sgutbecauseruminating—digestingthehardparts—takestime.Theruminantcontinuallyregurgitatesfoodfromitsstomachbacktoitsmouthtochewitupfurther(thatiswhatacowisdoingwhen“chewingcud”).Onlywhenithasbeenchewedupanddigestedalmosttoaliquidcanthefoodpassthroughtherumenandonthroughthegut.Largerparticlescannotpassthroughuntiltheyhavebeencheweddowntosize.Therefore,whenfoodisinshortsupply,aruminantcanlastlongerthananonruminantbecauseitcanderivemoreenergyoutofthesamefood.ThedifferencecanpartiallyexplaintheeatinghabitsoftheSerengetiherbivores.Thezebrachoosesareaswherethereismorelow-qualityfood.Itmigratesfirsttounexploitedareasandchompstheabundantlow-qualitystemsbeforemovingon.Itisafast-in/fast-outfeeder,relyingonahighoutputofincompletelydigestedfood.Bythetimethewildebeests(andotherruminants)arrive,thegrazingandtramplingofthezebraswillhavewornthevegetationdown.Astheruminantsthensettowork,theyeatdowntothelower,leafierpartsofthevegetation.Allofthisfitsinwiththedifferencesinstomachcontentswithwhichwebegan.
Theauthormentionsthecowandthehorseinparagraph2inorderto
distinguishthefunctioningoftheirdigestivesystemsfromthoseofEastAfricanmammals
emphasizethattheirrelativelylargebodysizeleadsthemtohavefeedingpracticessimilartothoseofEastAfricanmammals
illustratedifferencesbetweenruminantsandnoruminantsthroughtheuseofanimalslikelytobefamiliartomostreaders
emphasizesimilaritiesbetweenthedietsofcowsandhorsesandthedietsofEastAfricanmammals
3.Ashertechnologicalexpertisegrewmoresophisticated,sodidtheotheraspectsofherdances.■Althoughshegavelittlethoughttomusicinherearliestdances,shelaterusedscoresbyGluck,Beethoven,Schubert,Chopin,andWagner,eventuallygraduatingtoStravinsky,Fauré,Debussy,andMussorgsky,composerswhowerethenconsideredprogressive.■ShebegantoaddressmoreambitiousthemesinherdancessuchasTheSea,inwhichherdancersinvisiblyagitatedahugeexpanseofsilk,playeduponbycoloredlights.■Alwaysopentoscientificandtechnologicalinnovations;shebefriendedthescientistsMarieandPierreCurieupontheirdiscoveryofradiumandcreatedaRadiumDance,whichsimulatedthephosphorescenceofthatelement.■Shebothappearedinfilms—theninanearlystageofdevelopment—andmadethemherself;theheroofherfairy-talefilmLeLysdelaVie(1919)wasplayedbyRenéClair,lateraleadingFrenchfilmdirector.
WhydoestheauthormentionFuller’sTheSea?
TopointoutadanceofFuller’sinwhichmusicdidnotplayanimportantrole
ToexplainwhyFullersometimesusedmusicbyprogressivecomposers
ToillustrateaparticularwayinwhichFullerdevelopedasanartist
ToillustratehowFuller’sinterestinsciencewasreflectedinherwork
4.Paragraph5:
Scientistshaveknownforsometimethatcertainplants,calledhyperaccumulators,canconcentratemineralsatlevelsahundredfoldorgreaterthannormal.Asurveyofknownhyperaccumulatorsidentifiedthat75percentofthemamassednickel,cobalt,copper,zinc,manganese,lead,andcadmiumareothermineralsofchoice.Hyperaccumulatorsruntheentirerangeoftheplantworld.Theymaybeherbs,shrubs,ortrees.Manymembersofthemustardfamily,spurgefamily,legumefamily,andgrassfamilyaretophyperaccumulators.Manyarefoundintropicalandsubtropicalareasofthemetalsmayaffordsomeprotectionagainstplant-eatinginsectsandmicrobialpathogens.
Whydoestheauthormentionherbs,shrubs,andtrees?
Toprovideexamplesofplanttypesthatcannottoleratehighlevelsofharmfulminerals.
Toshowwhysomanyplantsarehyperaccumulators.
Tohelpexplainwhyhyperaccumulatorscanbefoundinsomanydifferentplaces.
Toemphasizethathyperaccumulatorsoccurinawiderangeofplanttypes.
5.Paragraph6:
Onlyrecentlyhaveinvestigatorsconsideredusingtheseplantstocleanupsoilandwastesitesthathavebeencontaminatedbytoxiclevelsofheavymetals–anenvironmentallyfriendlyapproachknownasphytoremediation.Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea,suchasanabandonedmineoranirrigationpondcontaminatedbyrunoff.Toxicmineralswouldfirstbeabsorbedbyrootsbutlaterrelocatedtothestemandleaves.Aharvestoftheshootswouldremovethetoxiccompoundsoffsitetobeburnedorcompostedtorecoverthemetalforindustrialuses.Afterseveralyearsofcultivationandharvest,thesitewouldberestoredatacostmuchlowerthanthepriceofexcavationandreburial,thestandardpracticeforremediationofcontaminatedsoils.Forexamples,infieldtrials,theplantalpinepennycressremovedzincandcadmiumfromsoilsnearazincsmelter,andIndianmustard,nativetoPakistanandIndia,hasbeeneffectiveinreducinglevelsofseleniumsaltsby50percentincontaminatedsoils.
WhydoestheauthormentionIndianmustard?
Towarnaboutpossiblerisksinvolvedinphytoremediation
Tohelpillustratethepotentialofphytoremediation
Toshowthathyperaccumulatingplantsgrowinmanyregionsoftheworld
Toexplainhowzinccontaminationcanbereduced.
6.Paragraph3:
ThebasicculturalrequirementsforthesuccessfulcolonizationofthePacificislandsincludetheappropriateboat-building,sailing,andnavigationskillstogettotheislandsinthefirstplace,domesticatedplantsandgardeningskillssuitedtooftenmarginalconditions,andavariedinventoryoffishingimplementsandtechniques.ItisnowgenerallybelievedthattheseprerequisitesoriginatedwithpeoplesspeakingAustronesianlanguages(agroupofseveralhundredrelatedlanguages)andbegantoemergeinSoutheastAsiabyabout5000B.C.E.Thecultureofthattime,basedonarchaeologyandlinguisticreconstruction,isassumedtohavehadabroadinventoryofcultivatedplantsincludingtaro,yarns,banana,sugarcane,breadfruit,coconut,sago,andrice,Justasimportant,theculturealsopossessedt
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