从合作原则看英语委婉语研究.docx
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从合作原则看英语委婉语研究.docx
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从合作原则看英语委婉语研究
从合作原则看英语委婉语研究
[Abstract]Theword“euphemism”comesfromtheGreek,eu--means“good”,and–pheme-,“speech”or“saying”,andtogetheritmeansliterally“tospeakwithgoodwordsorinapleasantmanner”.Euphemism,asaculturalphenomenonaswellasalinguisticconcept,hasattractedpeople’sattentionforalongtime.Ithaslongbeenatopicofmuchinterest.Generallyspeaking,peoplewouldusemoreeuphemismsincommunicatingwiththeoppositesex;womenwouldusemorethanmenwould;olderpeoplewouldusemorethanyoungergenerations.Peoplewouldmoreuseeuphemismsin"power"relationsthanincloserelations.Peoplewithhighereducationwouldusemoreeuphemisms.Theabovefactors:
age,sex,socialstatus,education,etc.donotworkseparately.Incommunicating,theyareinterlacedwitheachotherandguideourchoiceofeuphemisms.whethertouseeuphemismsortaboowordsalsodepends,toalargeextent,ontheattitudesofparticipantsandthepurposeofconversations.Thearticle
consistsofsixparts.Partoneexplainswhatthemeaningofeuphemismis.ParttwoissayingthecooperativePrincipleinbriefly.cooperativePrinciple,thecornerstonetheoryofpragmatics,isoneofthemainprinciplesthatguidepeople’scommunication.ThecooperativePrincipleanditsmaximscanexplainwhattheliteralmeaningisanditsrealintentionincommunicationandensurethatinanexchangeofconversation.Partthreepresents,theformationeuphemism,namely,formalinnovation,semanticinnovation,rhetoricaldevices,andgrammaticalways.Partfourdiscussesthecommunicativefunctionofeuphemismissubstitution,politeness,disguise,defense,etc.Partfiveservesasthemainbodyofthisarticle.Generallyspeaking,euphemismsviolatetheQuality,QuantityandmannermaximofthecPduetodifferentreasonslikesubstitution,disguiseetc.AndbasicallyeuphemismsobservetheRelationmaxim.Fromtheanalysis,itcanbealsofoundthatsometimesaneuphemismcanberegardedasviolationoftwomaximsofthecPatthesametime.Partsixconcludesthewholearticle.
[keywords]cooperativePrinciple;Euphemism;communicativefunction
【摘要】委婉语一词起源于希腊语。
Eu意思是“好的”,pheme意思是“话语”,因此字面上的意思是说好听的话或用礼貌的方式说话。
委婉语是一个语言学概念,同时也是一种文化现象,长久以来一直受到人们的关注。
总体上讲人们在与异性进行言语交际时,要比在同性面前更多地使用委婉语,女性要比男性更多地使用委婉语,年长的人要比年青的人更多地使用委婉语。
人们在“权势关系”的语境中往往要比在“亲密关系”的语境中更多地使用委婉语。
受教育程度越高的人,越注意自己的言谈,因而更多地使用委婉语。
上述因素年龄、性别、社会地位、教育等并不孤立存在,在交际中,他们交织在一起决定着委婉语的使用。
是否使用委婉语还要考虑说话者的态度和交谈的目的。
由六个部分组成。
第一部分解释了什么是委婉语。
第二部分简单列出合作原则的各项原则。
它作为语用学的理论基石之一,是指导人们语言交际的原则之一。
它可以很好地解释话语的字面意义和实际意义的关系,这对于交际委婉语显得尤为重要。
第三部分说明委婉语的构成可以有很多种方式:
形式变化,语义变化,修辞手段和语法手段。
第四部分阐述了交际委婉语出于替代、掩饰、和礼貌等功能。
第五部分是的主体,并说明委婉语出于替代、掩饰、和礼貌等原因主要违反了合作原则中的质、量和方式三个次则,基本上是遵循了合作原则中的相关原则。
第六部分总结全文。
【关键字】合作原则;委婉语;交际功能
1.Introduction
IntheoxfordAdvancedLearner’sEnglish–chineseDictionarytheexplanationofEuphemismis"useofpleasant,mildorindirectwordsorphrasesinplaceofmoreaccurateordirectones"[1].AndintheLongmanDictionaryofcontemporaryEnglishtheexplanationofEuphemismis"theuseof
apleasanter,lessdirectnameforsomethingthoughttobeunpleasant"[2].Forexample,themanwhowantstoustocallhima“sanitationengineer”insteadofa“garbageman”ishopingwewilltreathimwithmorerespectthanwepresentlydo.
"Theword'euphemism'comesfromtheGreekeumeaning'good'andphememeaning'speech'or'saying',andthusmeansliterally'tospeakwithgoodwordsorinapleasantmanner'"[3].Euphemismshavevariousreasonsforexistence.Theyconcealthethingspeoplefearthemost—death,thedead,thesupernatural.Theycoverupthefactsoflife—ofsexandreproductionandexcretion—whichinevitablyremindeventhemostrefinedpeoplethattheyaremadeofclay,orworse.Theyarebelovedbyindividualsandinstitutionsthatareanxioustopresentonlythehandsomestpossibleimagesofthemselvestotheworld.Andtheyareimbeddedsodeeplyinourlanguagethatfewofus,eventhosewhopridethemselvesonbeingplainspoken,evergetthroughadaywithoutusingthem.Butsomepeoplestillmistaketheeuphemismsintheconversationbythecooperativeprinciple.ViolatingthecP,peoplealsocancontinuetheconversationwitheuphemisms,whichmaketheauthorinterestinattitudesofparticipantsandthepurposeofconversation.Thatisourbodytoday.
2.Formationofeuphemisms
2.1Formalinnovation
Toavoidtheemergenceofcertainletterorsoundmayachievetheeffectofeuphemizing.Theformalinnovationcanhideaudio-visuallythosewordswedon’twanttosayorweshouldn’tsaysoastoachievebetteroutcomeincommunication.
2.1.1Abbreviation
AbbreviationistheshorteningofawordandmaybeseenintheuseoftheBritishexpressionLADIESforladies’room.TherealsoisGENTSforgentlemen’sroom.
2.1.2Apocopation
Apocopationisanotherformofabbreviationapparentintheuseofvampforvampireheremeaningaseductivewoman.Andlavisforlavatory;homoisforhomosexual;cocaisforcocaine;braisforbrassiere.
2.1.3Initialing
Initialingistheuseofacronymsinsteadoftheircomponentpartsasin"jcfor“jesuschrist”,Bmforbowelmovement"[4],"w.cforwatercloset,B.oforbodyodor,V.Dforvenerealdisease,AIDSforacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome,SARSforsevereacuterespiratorysyndrome"[5].
2.1.4Backforming
Backformingisthesubstitutionforonepartofspeechforanother,asin"burglewhichisderivedfrom'burglar'"[6].
2.1.5Reduplication
Reduplicationistherepetitionofasyllableorletterofaword.Particularlycommoninchildren’sbathroomvocabulary,itsubstitutes"pee-peefor'piss',poo-poofor'bowelm
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- 合作 原则 英语 委婉 研究