黑龙江中医药大学专业英语口语考试题答案指导.docx

黑龙江中医药大学专业英语口语考试题答案指导.docx

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黑龙江中医药大学专业英语口语考试题答案指导

1.Conceptandbasicstructureofacell

CELLSarethestructuralandfunctionalunitsoflife.

–cellmembrane['membrein]细胞膜——Structuresurroundingandprotectingthecell.Itdetermineswhatentersandleavesthecell.

–cytoplasm['saitəuplæzəm]细胞质——Allthematerialthatisoutsidethenucleusandyetcontainedwithinthecellmembrane.

Ribosomes['raibəsəum]核糖体——Ribonucleoproteinparticlesconcernedwithproteinsynthesis.

Mitochondria[,maitəu'kɔndriə]线粒体（catabolism）——Processofbreakingdowncomplexmaterialstoformsimplersubstancesandreleaseenergy.

Endoplasmic[,endəu'plæzmik]reticulum[ri'tikjuləm]内质网（anabolism）——Processofbuildingupcomplexmaterialfromsimplematerials.

Golgiapparatus[,æpə'reitəs]——smallmembranousstructurescomposedofvariouselementsassociatedwiththeformationofmanysubstances.

–nucleus['nju:

kliəs]细胞核——Controlcenterofthecell.Itcontainschromosomesanddirectstheactivitiesofthecell.

membrane['membrein]核膜

nucleolus[,nju:

kli'əuləs]核仁

Chromosomes['krəuməsəum]染色体——Rod-shapedstructuresinthenucleusthatcontainregionsofDNAcalledgenes.Theseare46chromosomesineverycellexceptfortheeggandspermcells,whichcontainonly23individual,unpairedchromosomes.

DNA（deoxyribonucleicacid）——Chemicalfoundwithineachchromosome.Arrangedlikeasequenceofrecipesincode,itdirectstheactivitiesofthecell.

RNA（ribonucleicacid）

2.Tissues组织

Concept:

Atissueisagroupofsimilarcellsworkingtogethertodoaspecificjob.

Typesoftissues:

Therearefourmaintissuetypesinthebody:

epithelial[,epi'θi:

liəl]上皮/connective[kə'nektiv]结缔组织/muscle['mʌsl]/nervous['nə:

vəs]

Epithelialtissue,locatedalloverthebody,formsthelinings['lainiŋ]内层ofinternalorgans（suchastheairways呼吸道,thereproductive[,ri:

prə'dʌktiv]tract生殖系统,andthedigestive[di'dʒestiv]tract消化道）,andtheskincoveringthebody.Italsolinesexocrine['eksəkrain]外分泌andendocrine['endəukrain]glands内分泌腺.

Muscletissueiscomposedofcellsthathavethespecialabilitytoshortenorcontractinordertoproducemovementofthebodyparts.Itformsmuscles.

Connectivetissuesbindstructures['strʌktʃə]结构together,formaframeworkandsupportfororgansandthebodyasawhole,storefat,transportsubstances,protectagainstdisease,andhelprepairtissuedamage.Examplesarefat,cartilage['kɑ:

tilidʒ]软骨,bone,andblood.

Nervoustissueisfoundinthebrain,spinalcord脊髓,andnerves

3.Organsandsystems器官和系统

TwoormoretypesoftissuesarecombinedwithinthesamestructuretoformanORGAN.

organsareinthethoracic[θɔ:

'ræsik]cavity:

theheartandthelungs

organsareintheabdominal[æb'dɔminəl]pelvic['pelvik]cavity:

theliver,spleen,pancreas['pænkriəs]胰腺,stomach,intestine[in'testin]肠,kidneys,urinary['juərinəri]bladder膀胱,uterus['ju:

tərəs]子宫,etc.

Systemsaregroupsoforgansworkingtogethertoperformcomplexfunctions.Forexample,themouth,esophagus[i:

'sɔfəɡəs]食管,stomach,andsmallandlargeintestinesareorgansthatdotheworkofthedigestivesystemtodigestfoodandabsorbitintothebloodstream.

The10systems:

Althoughviewedaswhole,thehumanbodyisactuallymadeupoftendifferentsystems.Eachofthesesystemsplaysavitalpartintheentirebody.

Skeletal['skelitəl]system骨骼系统

Muscular['mʌskjulə]system

Digestivesystem

Circulatory[,sə:

kju'leitəri]system循环系统

Respiratory['respərətəri]system呼吸系统

Skinsystem

Nervoussystem

Excretory[ek'skri:

təri]（urinary）system排泄系统

Reproductive[,ri:

prə'dʌktiv]system生殖系统

Endocrine['endəukrain]system内分泌系统

Itisthroughthesetenspecialized['speʃəlaizd]专门的systemsallworkingtogetherthatallowsustomaintaineveryaspectoflifefromstandingtosleepingtobreathing.Ifanyoneofthesesystemsfail,theentireindividualsuffers.

4.Bodycavities体腔

Fivemaincavities:

Thehumanbodyconsistsofthefollowingbodycavities:

–dorsal[dɔ:

səl]背部的bodycavity背体腔

cranial['kreiniəl]cavity颅腔,enclosedbytheskullandcontainsthebrain,eyes,andears.

spinal['spainəl]canal脊髓腔,enclosedbythespineandcontainsthespinalcord.

–ventralbodycavity腹体腔

thoracic[θɔ:

'ræsik]cavity胸腔,enclosedbytheribcageandcontainsthelungsandheart.

–abdominopelvic[æb,dɔminə'pelvik]cavity盆腹腔

abdominal[æb'dɔminəl]cavity腹腔,enclosedbytheribcageandpelvisandcontainsthekidneys,ureters,stomach,intestines,liver,gallbladder,andpancreas

pelvic['pelvik]cavity盆腔,enclosedbythepelvisandcontainsbladder,anusandreproductivesystem.

5.Nineabdominopelvicregionsandfourquadrants

Rightupperquadrant['kwɔdrənt]（RUQ）containstheliver（rightlobe右叶）,gallbladder['ɡɔ:

l,blædə]

胆囊,partofthepancreas['pænkriəs]

胰腺,partsofthesmallandlargeintestines[in'testin].

Leftupperquadrant（LUQ）containstheliver（leftlobe）,stomach,spleen,partofthepancreas,partsofthesmallandlargeintestines

Rightlowerquadrant（RLQ）containspartsofthesmallandlargeintestines,rightovary,rightfallopiantube,appendix,rightureter

Leftlowerquadrant（LLQ）containspartsofthesmallandlargeintestines,leftovary,fallopiantube,leftureter.

R/LHypochondriac[,haipəu'kɔndriæk]regions季肋区

Epigastric[,epi'ɡæstrik]region腹上部

R/LLumbar['lʌmbə]regions腰区

Umbilical[ʌm'bilikəl]region脐

R/LInguinal['iŋɡwinəl]regions腹股沟区

Hypogastric[,haipə'ɡæstrik]region腹下部区

6.Divisionofthespinalcolumn

Thespinalcolumniscomposedofaseriesofbonesthatextendfromthenecktothetailbone.Eachboneisavertebra（plural:

vertebrae）.Thenervoustissuewithinthespinalcavityisspinalcordandthepadofcartilagebetweenvertebraeisdisk（disc）.Thespinalcolumnisdividedintofiveregions:

cervical,thoracic,lumber,sacralandcoccygeal,asexplainedbelowandshowninfigure2-16.

Division

Abbreviation

Location

Cervical['sə:

vikəl]

C

Neckregion.Therearesevencervicalvertebrae（C1—C7）.

Thoracic

T

Chestregion.Therearetwelvethoracicvertebrae（T1-T12）.Eachbonejoinedtoarib.

Lumbar

L

Loin（waist）orflankregion（betweentheribsandhipbone）.Therearefivelumbarvertebrae['və:

tibri:

]（L1-L5）.

Sacral['seikrəl]

S

Fivebones（S1-S5）arefusedtoformonebone,thesacrum

Coccygeal[kɔk'sidʒiəl]

Thecoccyx（tailbone）isasmallbonecomposedoffourfusedpieces.

Figure2-16.Anatomicaldivisionofthespinalcolumn

7.Tracethepathofbloodthroughtheheart.Beginasthebloodenterstherightatriumfromthevenuecavae（andincludethevalveswithintheheartandthepasstoandfromthelung）.

Oxygen-poorbloodthathaspassedthroughallofthebodytotherightatrium['ɑ:

triəm]右心房,Therightatriumcontractstoforcebloodthroughthetricuspid[trai'kʌspid]valve三尖瓣intotherightventricle['ventrikl]右心室,Astherightventriclecontractstopumpoxygen-poorbloodthroughthepulmonary['pʌlmənəri]valve肺动脉瓣intopulmonaryartery肺动脉,thetricuspidvalvestaysshut,thuspreventingbloodfrompushingbackintotherightatrium.Thepulmonaryarterythenbranchestocarryoxygen-deficientbloodtoeachlungandentersthelungcapillaries[kə'piləri]肺毛细血管,andlosesitslargequantityofcarbondioxide[dai'ɔksaid]二氧化碳.Atthesametime,oxygenisbroughtbacktotheheartviathepulmonaryveins肺静脉.Thenewlyoxygenatedbloodenterstheleftatrium左心房.Thewallsoftheleftatriumcontracttoforcebloodthroughthemitral['maitrəl]valve二尖瓣intotheleftventricle左心室.Theleftventriclepropelsthebloodthroughtheaortic[ei'ɔ:

tik]valve主动脉瓣intotheaorta[ei'ɔ:

tə]主动脉,whichbranchestocarrybloodalloverthebody.

8.ConductionSystemoftheHeart心脏的传导系统

sinus['sainəs]窦房结

A-Vnodes房室结

conductingfibers传导纤维betweenthenodes

bundleofHis房室束

theleftandrightbundlebranches束支

Purkinjefibers浦肯野纤维

Primaryresponsibilityforinitiatingtheheartbeatrestswithasmallregionofspecializedmuscletissueintheposteriorportionoftherightatrium,whereanelectricalimpulseoriginates.Thisregionoftherightatrium,thesinoatrialnode（SAnode,sin/o=sinus）,isthepacemakeroftheheart.

9.Tracethepathoffoodthroughtheelementarycanalandthe3organsthatassistdigestion

smallintestine:

duodenum[,dju:

əu'di:

nəm]十二指肠

jejunum[dʒi'dʒunəm]空肠

ileum['iliəm]回肠

largeintestine:

cecum,ascending、transverse、descendingandsigmoidcolons

10．Threesalivaryglandsandthreeportionsofthroat

Thesalivary['sælivəri]glands唾液腺areexocrine['eksəkrain]glands外分泌腺,glandswithducts,thatproducesaliva.

parotid[pə'rɔtid]gland腮腺

submandibular[,sʌbmæn'dibjulə]gland颌下腺

sublingual[sʌb'liŋɡwəl]gland舌下腺

Pharynx['færiŋks]咽isdividedinto3parts:

Naso,pharynx[,neizəu'færiŋks]鼻咽

oro,pharynx[,ɔ:

rəu'færiŋks]口咽

laryngo,pharynx[lə,riŋɡəu'færiŋks]咽喉

11.Threestepsofurineformation,thepathoftheurineoutofthe

bodyafteritformation

a）Filtration[fil'treiʃən]过滤ofwateranddissolvedsubstancesoutofthebloodintheglomeruli[ɡlɔ'merjulai]肾小球andintoBowman'scapsule肾小囊;

b）Reabsorption[,ri:

əb'sɔ:

pʃən]再吸收ofwateranddissolvedsubstancesoutofthekidneytubules肾小管backintotheblood;

c）Secretion[si'kri:

ʃən]分泌ofhydrogenions（H+）,potassiumions（K+）,ammonia（NH3）,andcertaindrugsoutofthebloodandintothekidneytubules,wheretheyareeventuallyeliminatedintheurine['juərin].

12.Formationofovum['əuvəm]卵子anditspathforimplantation

13.Thestructureoftheuterus（threeparts）andthethreelayersoftheuterinewall

Threepartsoftheuterus['ju:

tərəs]子宫:

Fundus['fʌndəs]底

body

cervix['sə:

viks]子宫颈

Threelayersoftheuterinewall子宫壁:

Endometrium[,endəu'mi:

triəm]子宫内膜

Myometrium[,maiəu'mitriəm]子宫肌层

P