工程造价专业毕业外文文献中英对照.docx
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工程造价专业毕业外文文献中英对照.docx
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工程造价专业毕业外文文献中英对照
本科毕业论文
外文文献及译文
文献、资料题目China’sPathwaytoLow-carbonDevelopment
文献、资料来源:
JournalofKnowledge-based
InnovationinChina
文献、资料发表〔出版〕日期:
Vol.2No.3,2010
院〔部〕:
管理工程学院
专业:
工程造价
外文文献
China’sPathwaytoLow-carbonDevelopment
Abstract
Purpose–ThepurposeofthispaperistoexploreChina’scurrentpolicyandpolicyoptionsregardingtheshifttoalow-carbon(LC)development.
Design/methodology/approach–Thepaperusesbothaliteraturereviewandempiricalsystemsanalysisofthetrendsofsocio-economicconditions,carbonemissionsanddevelopmentofinnovationcapacitiesinChina.
Findings–Theanalysisshowsthataholisticsolutionandco-benefitapproachareneededforChina’stransitiontoagreenandLCeconomy,andthat,especiallyfordevelopingcountries,itisnotenoughtohaveonlygoalsregardingmitigationandadaptation.Instead,aconcreteroadmaptowardsaLCfutureisneededthataddresseskeyissuesoftechnologytransfer,institutionalarrangementsandsharingthecostsinthecontextofaglobalclimateregime.Inthislight,itisarguedthatChinashouldadoptanapproachforlow-carbondevelopmentcentredoncarbonintensityreductionoverthenexttenyears.
Originality/value–Thepaperthusprovidesauniquesummary,inEnglish,oftheargumentssupportingChina’scurrentlow-carboninnovationpoliciesfromoneoftheauthorsofthispolicy.Keywords:
Carbon,Sustainabledevelopment,Environmentalmanagement,Governmentpolicy,China
Papertype–Researchpaper
Climatechangehasbecomethemostsignificantenvironmentanddevelopmentchallengetohumansocietyinthetwenty-firstcentury.Respondingtoclimatechangeisthecoretasktoachievingglobalsustainabledevelopment,bothfortodayandforaratherlongperiodoftimefromtoday.Internationalnegotiationsonpreventionofglobalwarmingandrelatedactionsnotonlyconcernthehumanlivingenvironment,butalsodirectlyimpactthemodernizationprocessofdevelopingcountries.Althoughtheprocessofglobalclimateprotectiondependsontheconsensusofourscientificawareness,politicalwills,economicinterests,society’slevelofacceptance,aswellasmeasuresadopted,alow-carbon(LC)developmentpathis,undoubtedly,thecriticalchoiceoffuturehumandevelopment.
Thesciencebasisofclimatechangeanditsextendedpoliticalandeconomicimplications
Globalwarmingoftheclimatesystemhasbecomeanunequivocalfact.Accordingtoalargeamountofmonitoringdata,globalaveragelandsurfacetemperaturehasrisenoverthelastcentury(IPCC,2007a,b,c,d).Andtherateofrisinghasbeenspedup.Inthemeantime,globalaveragesealevelhasbeenconstantlyrisingtoo.GlobalwarminghasposedaseriouschallengetoChina’sclimate,environmentanddevelopment.Intheglobalcontextofclimatechange,China’sclimateandenvironmentarechangingtoo.Forinstance,inthelastcentury,thelandsurfaceaveragetemperaturehaswitnessedanobviousincrease;thoughtheprecipitationhasnotchangedtoomuch,itsinterdecadalvariationsandregionaldisparityhavebeenbig.Inthelast50years,therehavealsobeenmajorchangesinthefrequencyandintensityofextremeweatherandclimateevents(EditorialBoardofChina’sNationalAssessmentReportonClimateChange,2007).
TheIPCC(2007a,b,c,d)integratedassessmentshowsthatsince1750,humanactivitieshavebeenamajorcauseofglobalwarming,whileinthelast50years,mostoftheglobalwarmingistheconsequenceofhumanactivities,withaprobabilityofmorethan90percent,inparticularfromthegreenhousegases(GHGs)emissionsduetothehumanuseoffossilfuels.Itisforecastthatbeforetheendofthetwenty-firstcentury,globalwarmingwillcontinue,andhowmuchthetemperaturewillrisedependsonwhatactionshumanswilltake.AccordingtheThirdWorkingGroupReportoftheIPCCfourthAssessment(IPCC,2007a,b,c,d),humanactionstomitigateclimatechangearefeasible,botheconomicallyandtechnologically.Actionstodeploykeymitigationtechnologiesinvarioussectors,adoptingpolicyandadministrativeinterferenceandshiftingthedevelopmentpathwaycouldallcontributegreatlytomitigationofclimatechange.
WithChinabecomingtheworld’slargestCO2emitter,Chinafacesincreasingpressuretoreduceitsemissions.Beingaresponsiblecountry,Chinawilltakeactionstotackleclimatechange.Whendevelopingitsmitigationtarget,Chinawillconsidersuchfactorsaslevelofdevelopment,technologyknow-how,socialimpact,internationalimageandanewinternationalclimateregimeunderpinnedbyfairnessandeffectiveness.Chinawillmoveintoawin-windevelopmentpathtoachieveclimateprotection,qualityeconomicdevelopmentandotherrelatedpolicytargets.
TodevelopLCeconomy–background,opportunitiesandchallenges
Asillustratedabove,systematicsolutionsarerequiredtotackleclimatechange,duetothecomplexityoftheglobalclimatesystemaswellasitscoverageofbroadsocialandeconomicissues.Afternearlytwodecades’exploration,humansocietyhasrealizedthatinordertoeffectivelymitigateandadapttoclimatechange,wehavetofundamentallyreduceourrelianceonfossilfuels,whichmeansthatwehavetoachievetheshifttoaLCfuturefromthewayweproduceandconsumetohowglobalassetsareallocated(includingindustries,technology,capitalsandresources)andhowtheyaretransferred.FromtheperspectiveofthelimitedstoragecapacityofGHGsintheclimatesystemasaglobalpublicgood,bothahighlevelofhumanwisdomandanewinternationalclimateregimetodealwithmarketfailurearerequired,whichalsodemandstheparticipationofallstakeholdersandtogethertheyshallcharteranewdevelopmentpathway.Humansocietyhastopaytheeconomicpricestosolveclimatewarming.Thus,thethreeflexible“mechanisms”intheKyotoProtocol(jointimplementation,emissionstradingandcleandevelopmentmechanism)demonstrateameaningfulexperimentfortheAnnexIcountriestodecreasetheiremissionsreductioncosts.Whatisneededistomoveforwardfromwherewearenowtoexploreamoreuniversallyapplicablemechanismthatwouldeffectivelyallocatetheresourcesamongthekeyresponsiblestakeholders.TheLCdevelopmentpathembodiesanintegratedsolutionstrategy.ItaimstobuildupaLCsocietythroughLCeconomicdevelopment,triestoachievetherestructuringofallthekeyelementsdiscussedaboveandoffersnewopportunitiesforhumansocietyinresponsetoclimatechangethroughcollaborations.
Asafundamentalvenuetocoordinatesocialandeconomicdevelopment,guaranteeenergysecurityandrespondtoclimatechange,developmentofLCeconomyisgraduallygainingtheneededconsensusfrommoreandmorecountries.Thoughwithoutafixedacademicdefinition,thecoreofdevelopingaLCeconomyistoestablishadevelopmentpathwaythathashigh-energyefficiency,low-energyconsumptionandlowemissions.Underafairandeffectiveinternationalclimateregime,theefficiencyofenergyexploration,generation,transmission,transformationanduseisexpectedtobeincreasedgreatlyandenergyconsumptiongreatlyreduced,sothatthecarbonintensityinenergysupplyforeconomicgrowthisdramaticallyreduced,alongwiththecarbonemissionsfromenergyconsumption.Throughincreasingcarbonsinkandusingcarboncaptureandstorage(CCS)technology,theGHGemissionsfromfossilfuelsthatarehardtoreducecanbeoffset.Inthemeanwhile,throughtheestablishmentofreasonableandfairtechnologytransferandfinancialsupportmechanisms,developingcountriescanundertakethecostsofshiftingtowardsLCpatternswhilebeingatthelowestendofthevaluechainintheinternationaltradestructure.TheperspectivesofdevelopmentvalueneedtobechangedinordertopromotethetransitionofconsumptiontowardsasustainableandLCfuture.
Whatneedstobeclarifiedisthat,duetothedifferencesofvariouscountries’socialandeconomiccontexts,thestartingpointstowardsaLCfuturemightvary,asmightthepursuedgoals.Fordevelopedcountriesthataretakingtheleadtocommittoreductiontargets,theirfirstobjectivetodevelopaLCeconomyistoreduceemissions.Fordevelopingcountrieswhoseeconomiesarestillatafastgrowingstage,theirfirstpriorityisdevelopmentandtheirpercapitaenergyconsumptionisexpectedtocontinuetogrow.Theobjectivesshallbemultiple.Atthecurrentstage,itishardtomainstreamtheclimatechangepoliciesdomestically.Whatispossibleistoreduceenergyintensityandincreasecarbonproductivityinordertograduallydecoupleeconomicgrowthandcarbonemissions.WhatisequallyimportantisthatthereexistmanyuncertaintiesindevelopmentofLCeconomy,particularlyfordevelopingcountries.Tremendousdifficultiesandbarriersneedtobeovercomeintheprocess.Attheinternationallevel,theuncertaintiesofdevelopingLCeconomyinclude:
Costsandmarkets–atthismomentwecouldhardlybeabletoestimatethewholecoststhatarerequiredtodevelopaLCeconomy.ItisfarfrombeingassimpleascalculatingthedirectcostsofadoptingLCtechnologies.ItalsotakestimetoestablishLCtechnologyandproductmarkets,especiallynow,whentheglobalfinancialcrisishashiteveryonehardandwhennoonecangiveagoodestimateaboutwhentheworldeconomycouldturnaroundandrecover;thoughmanyexpertsandscholarsholdthattheresponsetothelong-termclimatechangecouldbringnewopportunitiestoeconomicrecovery(Stiglitz,2009;Wang,2008b).WhatmakesthesituationmorecomplicatednowishowtheUSA,China,IndiaandotherkeycountrieswouldparticipateintheestablishmentofaLCmarket.
Establishmentofafairi
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