civil rights movement独立运动.docx
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civil rights movement独立运动.docx
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civilrightsmovement独立运动
1.Background
TheAfricanblackswerefirstintroducedtotheAmericatobetheslaveswhoworkattheNorthfarmsinordertoremedytheshortageofthelocallabor.Intheory,aftertheEmancipationProclamationissuedbyPresident AbrahamLincoln onJanuary1,1863,theyalreadyenquiretheliberty.However,infact,becauseofthepovertyandlowereducation,theyhadtoworkforthewhitestosurvive,especiallyaftertheFederalarmylefttheNorththeAfrican-AmericanslosttheshiedofFederalandstillremainedintheracialsegregation.
Plessyv.Ferguson,163 . 537 (1896),isa landmark UnitedStatesSupremeCourt decisionupholdingtheconstitutionality ofstatelawsrequiring racialsegregation inpublicfacilitiesunderthedoctrineof"separatebutequal".[1]
However
Theyexecutedthoroughlythesegregationbutneglectthepartofequality.What’smoretheRacialsegregationevenexistedinthefactory,hospital,schoolandarmy.
2.Aim
The African-AmericanCivilRightsMovement encompasses socialmovements inthe UnitedStates whosegoalsweretoend racialsegregationanddiscrimination against blackAmericans andtosecurelegalrecognitionandfederalprotectionofthecitizenshiprightscountedinthe constitutionalamendments adoptedafterthe CivilWar.Thisarticlecoversthephaseofthemovementbetween1954and1968,particularlyinthe South.
AnAfrican-Americanmangoesintothe"colored"entranceofa movietheater in Belzoni,Mississippi,1939.
AnAfrican-Americanmandrinkingata"colored"drinkingfountaininastreetcarterminalin OklahomaCity,1939.
在历经58年后,的法律观念才被推翻;1954年联邦最高法院在“布朗诉教育委员会”一案,判定种族隔离的学校并未提供黑人学生公平教育,因此公立学校应该要种族混合。
一连串的非裔美国人民权运动也正式开始。
3.Figure
4.
;boycottfollowsandbussegregationordinanceisdeclaredunconstitutional.
FederalInterstateCommerceCommissionbanssegregationoninterstatetrainsandbuses.
1956 --CoalitionofSoutherncongressmencallsformassiveresistancetoSupremeCourtdesegregationrulings.
1957 --ArkansasGov.OrvalRubususesNationalGuardtoblocknineblackstudentsfromattendingaLittleRockHighSchool;followingacourtorder,PresidentEisenhowersendsinfederaltroopstoensurecompliance.
Congressapprovesawatered-downvotingrightsactafterafilibusterbySouthernsenators.
1961 --FreedomRidesbeginfromWashington,.,intoSouthernstates.
1962 --PresidentKennedysendsfederaltroopstotheUniversityofMississippitoquellriotssothatJamesMeredith,theschool'sfirstblackstudent,canattend.
TheSupremeCourtrulesthatsegregationisunconstitutionalinalltransportationfacilities.
TheDepartmentofDefenseordersfullintegrationofmilitaryreserveunits,theNationalGuardexcluded.
1963 --CivilrightsleaderMedgarEversiskilledbyasniper'sbullet.
RaceriotspromptmodifiedmartiallawinCambridge,Maryland.
Dr.MartinLutherKingJr.delivers"IHaveaDream"speechtohundredsofthousandsattheMarchonWashington.
ChurchbombinginBirmingham,Alabama,leavesfouryoungblackgirlsdead.
1964 --CongresspassesCivilRightsActdeclaringdiscriminationbasedonraceillegalafter75-daylongfilibuster.
ThreecivilrightsworkersdisappearinMississippiafterbeingstoppedforspeeding;foundburiedsixweekslater.
RiotsinHarlem,Philadelphia.
1965 --MarchfromSelmatoMontgomery,Alabama,todemandprotectionforvotingrights;twocivilrightsworkersslainearlierintheyearinSelma.
MalcolmXassassinated.
RiotinWatts,LosAngeles.
Newvotingrightsactsigned.
1966 --EdwardBrooke,R-Massachusetts,electedfirstblack.senatorin85years.
1967 --RiotsinDetroit,Newark,NewJersey.
ThurgoodMarshallfirstblacktobenamedtotheSupremeCourt.
CarlStokes(Cleveland)andRichardG.Hatcher(Gary,Indiana)electedfirstblackmayorsofmajor.cities.
1968 --MartinLutherKingJr.assassinatedinMemphis,Tennessee;JamesEarlRaylaterconvictedandsentencedto99yearsinprison.
PoorPeople'sMarchonWashington--plannedbyKingbeforehisdeath--goeson.
RalphDavidAbernathy,Sr. (March11,1926–April17,1990)[1][2] wasaleaderofthe AmericanCivilRightsMovement,aminister,andacloseassociateof MartinLutherKing,Jr. inthe SouthernChristianLeadershipConference.Following King'sassassination,Dr.Abernathytookuptheleadershipofthe SCLC PoorPeople'sCampaign andledtheMarchonWashington,.,thathadbeenplannedforMay1968.
All three marches were attempts to walk for 54 miles along the highway from Selma to the Alabama state capitol of Montgomery. The first march, initiated and directed by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference's Director of Direct Action, James Bevel, was strategized as a counter-measure to relieve the trauma and escalating anger caused by the killing of Voting Rights activist Jimmie Lee Jackson during a nighttime march in Marion, Alabama.[1][2]
Born
JamesLutherBevel
October19,1936
IttaBena,Mississippi
Died
December19,2008 (aged 72)
Springfield,Virginia
Occupation
Nonviolentscientist, SCLCDirectorofDirectAction
Known for
Strategistofthe1960sCivilRightsMovement, SelmaVotingRightsMovement, BirminghamChildren'sCrusade, SelmatoMontgomerymarch,and ChicagoOpenHousingMovement
The voting rights movement in Selma was launched by local African-Americans who formed the Dallas County Voters League (DCVL). In 1963, the DCVL and organizers from the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) began voter-registration work. When white resistance to black voter registration proved intractable, the DCVL requested the assistance of Martin Luther King, Jr. and SCLC, who finally brought many prominent civil rights and civic leaders to support the Selma Voting Rights Movement in January, 1965.
The first march took place on March 7, 1965 — "Bloody Sunday" — when 600 marchers, protesting the death of Jackson and the ongoing exclusion from the electoral process, were attacked by state and local police with billy clubs and tear gas. The second march took place March 9; police and marchers stood off against one another, but when the troopers stepped aside to let them pass, Dr. Martin Luther King led the marchers back to the church.[3]
The third march started March 16. Protected by 2,000 soldiers of the . Army, 1,900 members of the Alabama National Guard under Federal command, and many FBI agents and Federal Marshals, the marchers averaged 10 miles (16 km) a day along . Route 80, known in Alabama as the "Jefferson Davis Highway". The marchers arrived in Montgomery on March 24 and at the Alabama State Capitol on March 25.[4]
The route is memorialized as the Selma To Montgomery Voting Rights Trail, and is a . National Historic Trail.
Themovementwascharacterizedbymajorcampaignsof civilresistance.Between1955and1968,actsof nonviolentprotestand civildisobedience producedcrisissituationsbetweenactivistsandgovernmentauthorities.Federal,state,andlocalgovernments,businesses,andcommunitiesoftenhadtorespondimmediatelytothesesituationsthathighlightedtheinequitiesfacedbyAfricanAmericans.
Formsofprotestand/orcivildisobedienceincludedboycotts suchasthesuccessful MontgomeryBusBoycott (1955–56)inAlabama;"sit-ins"suchastheinfluentialGreensborosit-ins (1960)inNorthCarolina; marches,suchasthe SelmatoMontgomerymarches (1965)inAlabama;andawiderangeofothernonviolentactivities.
MontgomeryBusBoycott
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
The NationalCityLines bus,No.2857,onwhichRosaParkswasridingbeforeshewasarrested(a GM"old-look"transitbus,serialnumber1132),isnowamuseumexhibitatthe HenryFordMuseum.
The MontgomeryBusBoycott,aseminaleventinthe .civilrightsmovement,wasapoliticalandsocial protestcampaignagainstthepolicyof racialsegregation onthepublictransitsystemof Montgomery, Alabama.ThecampaignlastedfromDecember1,1955—when RosaParks,an AfricanAmerican woman,wasarrestedforrefusingtosurrenderherseattoawhiteperson—toDecember20,1956,whenafederalruling, Browderv.Gayle,tookeffect,andledtoaUnitedStatesSupremeCourtdecisionthatdeclaredtheAlabamaandMontgomerylawsrequiringsegregatedbusestobeunconstitutional.[1] Manyimportantfiguresinthecivilrightsmovementtookpartintheboycott,includingReverend MartinLutherKing,Jr. andRalphAbernathy.
Greensborosit-ins
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Asectionoflunchcounterfromthe Greensboro,NorthCarolinaWoolworthisnowpreservedintheSmithsonianInstitution NationalMuseumofAmericanHistory
The Greensborosit-ins wereaseriesof nonviolent protestsin Greensboro,NorthCarolina in1960[1] whichledtotheWoolworth departmentstorechainreversingitspolicyof racialsegregation intheSouthernUnitedStates.[2]
Whilenotthefirst sit-ins ofthe African-AmericanCivilRightsMovement,theGreensborosit-inswereaninstrumentalaction,leadingtoincreasednationalsentimentatacrucialperiodin UShistory.[3] TheprimaryeventtookplaceattheGreensboro,NorthCarolina Woolworthstore,nowthe InternationalCivilRightsCenterandMuseum.
The1965 SelmatoMontgomerymarches,alsoknownas"BloodySunday"andthetwomarchesthatfollowed,ledtothepassageofthe 1965VotingRightsAct,alandmarkachievementofthe 1960sAmericanCivilRightsMovement.
SelmatoMontgomerymarches
Partof CivilRightsMovement
Alabamastatetroopersattackcivil-rightsdemonstratorsoutsideSelma,Alabama,onBloodySunday,March7,1965
Date
March7,1965 –March25,1965
Location
EdmundPettusBridge, .Route80,AlabamaStateCapitol, Selma andMontgomery,Alabama
Causes
ObstructionofvoterregistrationforAfricanAmericans
Voterregistrationcampaign
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