雅思备考练习提升6 4.docx
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雅思备考练习提升6 4.docx
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雅思备考练习提升64
Howtospotaliar
Howmuchwemayabhorit,deceptioncomesnaturallytoalllivingthings.Birdsdoitbyfeigninginjurytoleadhungrypredatorsawayfromnestingyoung.Spidercrabsdoitbydisguise:
adorningthemselveswithstripsofkelpandotherdebris,theypretendtobesomethingtheyarenot-andsoescapetheirenemies.Natureamplyrewardssuccessfuldeceiversbyallowingthemtosurvivelongenoughtomateandreproduce.Soitmaycomeasnosurprisetolearnthathumanbeings-who,accordingtopsychologistGeraldJellisonoftheUniversityofSouthCalifornia,areliedtoabout200timesaday,roughlyoneuntrutheveryfiveminutes-oftendeceiveforexactlythesamereasons:
tosavetheirownskinsortogetsomethingtheycan’tgetbyothermeans.
Butknowinghowtocatchdeceitcanbejustasimportantasurvivalskillasknowinghowtotellalieandgetawaywithit.Apersonabletospotfalsehoodquicklyisunlikelytobeswindledbyanunscrupulousbusinessassociateorhoodwinkedbyadeviousspouse.Luckily,natureprovidesmorethanenoughcluestotrapdissemblersexpressions,bodylanguageandtoneofvoice,practicallyanyonecanrecognizethetelltalesignsoflying.Researchersareevenprogrammingcomputers-likethoseusedonLieDetector-togetatthetruthbyanalyzingthesamephysicalcuesavailabletothenakedeyesandear.“Withthepropertraining,maypeoplecanlearntoreliablydetectlies,”saysPaulEkman,professorofpsychologyattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,whohasspentthepast15yearsstudyingthesecretartofdeception.
Inordertoknowwhatkindofliesworkbest,successfulliarsneedtoaccuratelyassessotherpeople’semotionalstates.Ekman’sresearchshowsthatthissameemotionalintelligenceisessentialforgoodliedetectors,too.Theemotionalstatetowatchoutforstress,theconflictmostliarsfeelbetweenthetruthandwhattheyactuallysayanddo.
Evenhigh-techliedetectorsdon’tdetectliesassuch;theymerelydetectthephysicalcuesofemotions,whichmayormaynotcorrespondtowhatthepersonbeingtestedissaying.Polygraphs,forinstance,measurerespiration,heartrateandskinconductivity,whichtendtoincreasewhenpeoplearenervous—astheyusuallyarewhenlying.Nervouspeopletypicallyperspire,andthesaltscontainedinperspirationconductelectricity.That’swhyasuddenleapinskinconductivityindicatesnervousness—aboutgettingcaught,perhaps?
---whichmight,inturn,suggestthatsomeoneisbeingeconomicalwiththetruth.Ontheotherhand,itmightalsomeanthatthelightsinthetelevisionstudioaretoohot—whichisonereasonpolygraphtestsareinadmissibleincourt.“Goodliedetectorsdon’trelyonasinglesign,”Ekmansays,“butinterpretclustersofverbalandnonverbalcluesthatsuggestsomeonemightbelying.’
Thecluesarewrittenallovertheface.Becausethemusculatureofthefaceisdirectlyconnectedtotheareasofthebrainthatprocessemotion,thecountenancecanbeawindowtothesoul.Neurologicalstudiesevensuggestthatgenuineemotionstraveldifferentpathwaysthroughthebrainthaninsincereones.Ifapatientparalyzedbystrokeononesideoftheface,forexample,isaskedtosmiledeliberately,onlythemobilesideofthemouthisraised.Buttellthatsamepersonafunnyjoke,andthepatientbreaksintoafullandspontaneoussmile.Veryfewpeople—mostnotably,actorsandpoliticians—areabletoconsciouslycontrolalloftheirfacialexpressions.Liescanoftenbecaughtwhentheliar’struefeelingbrieflyleakthroughthemaskofdeception.“Wedon’tthinkbeforewefeel,”Ekmansays.“Expressionstendtoshowuponthefacebeforewe’reevenconsciousofexperiencinganemotion.’
Oneofthemostdifficultfacialexpressionstofake—orconceal,ifitisgenuinelyfelt—issadness.Whensomeoneistrulysad,theforeheadwrinkleswithgriefandtheinnercornersoftheeyebrowsarepulledup.Fewerthan15%ofthepeopleEkmantestedwereabletoproducethiseyebrowmovementvoluntarily.Bycontrast,theloweringoftheeyebrowsassociatedwithanangryscowlcanbereplicatedatwillbyalmosteverybody.“Ifsomeoneclaimstheyaresadandtheinnercornersoftheireyebrowsdon’goup,”Ekmansays,“thesadnessisprobablyfalse.”
Thesmile,ontheotherhand,isoneoftheeasiestfacialexpressionstocounterfeit.Ittakesjusttwomuscles-thezygomaticusmajormusclesthatextendfromthecheekbonestothecornersofthelips-toproduceagrin.Butthere’sacatch.Agenuinesmileaffectsnotonlythecornersofthelipsbutalsotheorbicularisoculi,themusclearoundtheeyethatproducesaroundtheeyethatproducesthedistinctive“crow’sfeet”associatedwithpeoplewholaughalot.Acounterfeitgrincanbeunmaskedifthelipcornersgoup,theeyescrinklebuttheinnercornersoftheeyebrowsarenotlowered,amovementcontrolledbytheorbicularisthatisdifficulttofake.Theabsenceofloweredeyebrowsisonereasonwhyfalsesmileslooksostrainedandstiff.
Question1-5
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?
Inboxes1-5onyouranswersheetwrite
YesIfthestatementagreeswiththeinformation
NoIfthestatementcontradictstheinformation
NotGivenIfthereisnoinformationonthis
1.Alllivinganimalscanlie
2.Somepeopletellliesforself-preservation
3.Scientistshaveusedcomputerstoanalyzewhichpartofbrainisresponsiblefortellinglies.
4.Lyingasasurvivalskillismoreimportantthandetectingalie.
5.Tobeagoodliaronehastounderstandotherpeople’semotions.
Question6-9
ChoosethecorrectletterA,B,CorD.
6.Howdoesthelie-detectorwork?
AItdetectswhetherone’semotionalstateisstable.
BItdetectsone’sbrainactivitylevel.
CItdetectsbodybehaviorduringone’sverbalresponse.DItanalyzesone’sverbalresponsewordbyword.
7Liedetectorscan’tbeusedasevidenceinacourtoflaw,because
ALightsoftencauseliedetectorstomalfunction.
Btheyarebasedontoomanyverbalandnon-verbalcues.
Cpolygraphtestsareofteninaccurate.
Dtheremaybemanycausesofacertainbodybehavior.
8Whydoestheauthormentiontheparalyzedpatients?
Atodemonstratehowaparalyzedpatientsmiles
BToshowtherelationbetweentrueemotionsandbodybehavior
CToexaminehowtheywereparalyzed
DToshowtheimportanceofhappinessfromrecovery
9Theauthorusespoliticianstoexemplifythattheycan
Ahaveemotions
Bimitateactors
Cdetectotherpeople’slies
DmasktheirtruefeelingsVeryfewpeople—mostnotably,actorsandpoliticians—areabletoconsciouslycontrolalloftheirfacialexpressions.
Question10-13
Classifythefollowingfacialtraitsasreferringto
Asadness
BAnger
CHappiness
WritethecorrectletterA,B,orCinboxes10-13onyouranswersheet.
10Innercornerofeyebrowsraised
11Thewholeeyebrowslowered
12Linesformedaroundeyes
13Linesformedaboveeyebrows
全文精析
段一:
Howmuchwemayabhorit,deceptioncomesnaturallytoalllivingthings.Birdsdoitbyfeigninginjurytoleadhungrypredatorsawayfromnestingyoung.Spidercrabsdoitbydisguise:
adorningthemselveswithstripsofkelpandotherdebris,theypretendtobesomethingtheyarenot-andsoescapetheirenemies.Natureamplyrewardssuccessfuldeceiversbyallowingthemtosurvivelongenoughtomateandreproduce.Soitmaycomeasnosurprisetolearnthathumanbeings-who,accordingtopsychologistGeraldJellisonoftheUniversityofSouthCalifornia,areliedtoabout200timesaday,roughlyoneuntrutheveryfiveminutes-oftendeceiveforexactlythesamereasons:
tosavetheirownskinsortogetsomethingtheycan’tgetbyothermeans.
精析:
Howmuchwemayabhorit,deceptioncomesnaturallytoalllivingthings.Abhor:
憎恶,可以替换为hate;deception是deceive的名词形式,表示欺骗;howmuchwemayabhorit,这里可以翻译为“不管我们多么讨厌欺骗,”deceptioncomesnaturallytoalllivingthings,可以理解为itisnaturalforanyonetodeceive,每个人都自然地接受了欺骗
Birdsdoitbyfeigninginjurytoleadhungrypredatorsawayfromnestingyoung.Spidercrabsdoitbydisguise:
adorningthemselveswithstripsofkelpandotherdebris,theypretendtobesomethingtheyarenot-andsoescapetheirenemies.
Feigning:
假装,可以替换为fake;predators:
捕食者,predate是其动词形式,pred=plunder掠夺,加上表示人物的后缀“or”就代表捕食者,对应的猎物是prey;nestingyoung是正在孵育的幼崽,nest的名词是鸟巢的意思,动词是“筑巢”;lead…awayfrom把。
。
。
从。
。
。
引开disguise表示“伪装”;adorn可以替换为decorate,表示装饰;adornoneselfwithsth,用sth装扮自己;strip表示“条状物”,比如美国国旗starandstrip;pretendtobesth假装为某事;spidercrabsdoitbydisguise之后冒号的内容是解释前面的句子,解释具体怎么欺骗
Natureamplyrewardssuccessfuldeceiversbyallowingthemtosurvivelongenoughtomateandreproduce.
此句的主语是nature,谓语是reward,这里做动词,表示“奖励”这个动作,宾语successfuldeceivers,by后面是说具体的方式。
全句可以理解为:
自然会奖赏那些成功的欺骗者。
Amply表示充分的,是副词,形容词是ample;deceiver表示“欺骗的人”,deceive指“欺骗”这个行为,后面就是表示人物的后缀“or”,表示实施欺骗这个行为的人。
例句:
Hehas deceived anddisillusionedus all他欺骗了我们,让我们失望至极
,survive生存,强调结果,尤其是通过比较大的努力,例句:
Somestrangecustomshavesurvivedfromearliertimes.有些奇怪的风俗是从早年留存下来对的。
同时survive也可以做及物动词,表示“经过了。
。
。
的考验”,例句:
Thecompanymanagedtosurvivethecrisis.公司设法渡过了危机。
mate做动词时表示“交配”;reproduce的前缀是“re”表示重复,produce是“生产”的意思,reproduce就是“再生产,繁衍”
Soitmaycomeasnosurprisetolearnthathumanbeings-who,accordingtopsychologistGeraldJellisonoftheUniversityofSouthCalifornia,areliedtoabout200timesaday,roughlyoneuntrutheveryfiveminutes-oftendeceiveforexactlythesamereasons:
tosavetheirownskinsortogetsomethingtheycan’tgetbyothermeans.
accordingtopsychologistGeraldJellisonoftheUniversityofSouthCalifornia是插入语,表示“据某人说。
。
。
”;itcomeasnosurprisetodosth.表示“。
。
。
就一点不用惊讶了”,psychologist心理学家,psychology心理学(词根psych心理,后缀logy学);roughly=about,aroun
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