高中英语语法定语从句总结全.docx
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高中英语语法定语从句总结全.docx
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高中英语语法定语从句总结全
xx定语从句详解
Ⅰ.概念:
(1)定语从句:
在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
定语从句一般紧接在先行词(antecedent)后面。
(2)先行词:
被定语从句修饰的成份。
先行词可以为一个词,短语,或整个主句。
(3)引导定语从句的词叫关系词,分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用:
1)引导定语从句,连接主句和从句,相当于一个连词;
2)必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语,状语)
常用的关系代词:
that、which、who、whom、whose,当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时,关系代词可以省略。
常用的关系副词(在从句中只作状语):
when(时间状语)、why(原因状语)、where(地点状语)
可以修饰人的关系代词:
that,who,whom,whose
可以修饰事的关系代词:
that,which,as,whose,
ThestudentwhoansweredthequestionwasJohn.
Iknowthereasonwhyhewassoangry.
Theboy(whom)youaretalkingtoismybrother.
I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacesthesea.
定语从句三步:
第一找出先行词;
第二看先行词在定语从句中的语法功能(做主语、宾语、表语或状语);
第三选择合适的关系词。
Ⅱ.几个关系代词的基本用法:
●that:
可指人或物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。
(指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which)(一般不用于非限制性定语从句;不可置于介词后作宾语)如:
1.Aletterthat/whichiswritteninpencilisdifficulttoread.(主语)
2.Doyouknowthegentlemanthat/whospokejustnow?
3.Youcantakeanything(that)youlike.(宾语)
4.Whatisthequestion(that/which)theyaretalkingabout?
5.Hereistheman(who/whom/that)youwanttosee.
6.She'snolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobebefore.(表语)
7.Ourhometownisnolongertheone(that)itusedtobe.
(=Ourhometownisnotthesameasitusedtobe.
=Ourhometownisdifferentfromwhatitusedtobe。
=Ourhometownisnotwhatitusedtobe.)
●which:
指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语。
如:
1.Thebookwhich/thatwasonthedeskwasboughtbymyfather.(主语)
2.Thebook(which/that)Iboughtyesterdayisveryinteresting.(宾语)
●who,whom,whose:
who:
主格,在从句中作主语,只可指人
whom:
宾格,在从句中只能作宾语;只可指人
whose:
表所属关系,在从句中作定语。
译为:
某人的,某物的
whose+名词=the+n.+ofwhich(某物的)
the+n.+ofwhom(某人的)
Ilikethestudentswho/thatworkhard.(主语)
Theboy(that/who/whom)wesawyesterdayisTom.
Iknowthegirlwhosefatherisateacher.
(whosefather=thefatherofwhom)
Achildwhoseparentsaredeadiscalledanorphan.(指人)
(whoseparents=theparentsofwhom)
I'dlikearoomwhosewindowfacessouth.(指物)
(whosewindow=thewindowofwhich)
关系代词作介词宾语(在定语从句中,介词提前时,介词后:
表人用whom;表物用which)
关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时,介词可放于从句之首,也可放于从句之末.但以放于句首较为正式.(介词前置,必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。
关系代词who和that用作介词宾语时,介词必须放在句末.)
Theman(whom/who/that)mymotheristalkingwithisMrBlack.
=ThemanwithwhommymotheristalkingisMrBlack.
Thisisthebookforwhichyouasked.
=Thisisthebook(that/which)youaskedfor.
DoyouknowthepersonwithwhomIshookhands?
=Doyouknowtheperson(whom/who/that)Ishookhandswith?
Thelibraryfromwhichwecanborrowbooksisverybig.
ThisisthebookaboutwhichItoldyoujustnow.
●as的用法:
(as引导定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)
①如为限制性的,多用于thesame…as;thesameas(与……相同);such…as…(如此,这样);asmany/muchas(和……一样多);so/as…as(与……一样)等结构中。
如:
※Ihavethesamebookasyou(have).我有一本和你的一样的书。
Herattitudetohimwasquitethesameasithadalwaysbeen.(关系代词as和指示代词same连用,在从句中用作表语,先行词是same.)
.---Whydidn'tyoumentionthatinfaceofthepolicejustnow?
---Ithoughtitwassuchaminordetailaswashardlyworthmentioning.
Wewillonlydiscusssuchproblemsashavesomethingtodowithourowninterests.
Don'tdosuchthingsasyouarenotsureabout.
Thereisnosuchplaceasyoudreamofinallthisworld.
比较:
Iliveinthesamehousethatheusedtolivein.
I'mwearingthesameshirtasyouworeyesterday.
比较:
Hereissobigastoneasnoonecanlift.(定语从句)
Hereissobigastonethatnoonecanliftit.(结果状语从句)
②如为非限制性的,as还可以单独引导一个定语从句,代替整个主句,这种定语从句可置于句首,句中或句尾,译为"正如,这一点"。
(动词常为know,see,expect,pointout,etc.)
Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作宾语)
=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作主语)
众所周知:
Asweallknow,
It’swell-know(tousall)that…
=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.
=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.(as作宾语)
=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.
Hewasaforeigner,asIknewfromhisaccent.(宾语,先行词是前面整个句子)
Ⅲ.关系副词(when,where,why)引导的定语从句,它们后面的句子完整,只缺状语,它们都可以等于介词+which,其中why只等于forwhich.
●When指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。
其先行词是表时间的名词(如:
time,day,week,tear,month,etc.)
HecamelastnightwhenIwasout.
Wewillputoffthepicnicuntilnextweek,whentheweatherwouldbebetter.
注意:
先行词为"时间名词",可用when引导定语从句,when在定语从句中作状语;还可以用which或that引导,which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。
比较:
Istillrememberthedaywhen/onwhichmybrotherjoinedthearmy.(作状语)
Istillrememberthedayswhich/thatwespenttogether.(作谓语spent的宾语)
Nextwinterwhich/thatyou'llspendin,willbeexciting.(宾语)
IshallneverforgetthedaywhenShenZhouⅤwaslaunched.
Thereareoccasionswhenjokingisnotpermissible.
●Where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。
其先行词是表示地点的名词,如:
place,school,factory,room,etc.
ThisistheplacewhereIwasborn.
Iliveintheroomwhere/inwhichheusedtolive.
注意:
先行词是"地点名词",定语从句可用where引导,还可用which或that引导,which/that在从句中作主语或宾语。
比较:
※Thisisthefactorywhere/inwhichheworkedlastyear.(作状语)
Thisistheparkwhich/thattheyvisitedlastyear.(作宾语)
·Why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语。
先行词为reason时,可用forwhich指代;当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that引导。
如:
Thereasonwhy+定语从句isthat+表语从句(……的原因是……)
Idon'tbelievethereason(that/which)hegaveme.(作宾语)
Heaskedmethereasonthatcanexplainmysuccess.(作主语)
Hewaslate.That'sbecausehegotuplate.
(That’sbecause+原因)那是因为……
Hegotuplate.That'swhyhewaslate.(表语从句)
(That’swhy+结果)那是……的原因
(thereason)why/forwhichhewaslate.(定语从句)
当先行词为way时,定语从句常用that,inwhich,或省略引导词
way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。
但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时,则用which或that引导。
如:
Thisistheway(that)/(inwhich)Idosuchthings.
比较:
Pleasedotheexperimentintheway(that/which)Ihaveshownyou.
Ⅳ.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别:
1.形式上,非限制性定语从句往往用逗号隔开。
2.语法上,非限制性定语从句一般不用that.
3.语义上,限制性定语从句与先行词关系紧密,起限定作用,如果去掉了这个定语从句,整个句子就不完整或者会改变意思;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不是很紧密,对先行词起补充说明或描述的作用。
ThisisthebookIlikebest.这就是我最喜欢的那本书。
Beijing,(whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,)isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都,它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。
4.翻译时,限制性定语从句可译为一句(较短的一般译为"的"字结构);而非限制性定语从句可译为两句。
(见上句翻译)
比较:
Hehasasister,whoisamusician.
Hehasasisterwhoisamusician.
引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词,指人时用who,whom,whose,指物时用which,whose;关系副词when,where,why,etc.
1.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.(which代替整个前面整个主句)
2.Tom'sfather,whoarrivedjustnow,isafamousscientist.
3.Theysetupaseparatestateoftheirown,wheretheywouldbefreetokeepNegroesasslaves.
4.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.
Ⅴ.几个易混淆的关系代词的比较:
●that&which:
在定语从句中,which和that在指代事物时,一般可以互换使用,但并非在任何情况下都是这样,这里介绍宜用that,而不宜用which的情况.
只能用that的情况:
①先行词为much,little,none,all,few,every(thing),any(thing),no(thing),theone等不定代词或受其修饰时;
1.Weshoulddoallthatisusefultothepeople.
2.There'snothingthatcanbesaidaboutit.
3.Doyoumeantheonethatwasboughtyesterday?
②先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时;
1.Theonlythingthatwecoulddowastowait.
2.That'stheverywordthatiswronglyused.
比较*Thisisoneofthebestnovelsthatwerepublishedlastyear.
*Thisistheonlyoneofthebestnovelsthatwaspublishedlastyear.
③先行词是序数词时或被序数词修饰时,包括thelast,thenext;
2.Thisisthethirdfilmthathasbeenshowninourschoolthisterm.
④先行词是最高级或被最高级修饰时;
1.Thisisthebestthatcanbedonenow.
2.Themostimportantthingthatshouldbedonerightnowishowtostophimfromgoingon.
⑤先行词既有人又有物,只用that.如:
1.Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutisreallywellknown.
2.Theriderandhisbikethathadrunoveranoldwomanwereheldupbythepolice.
⑥被修饰词为数词时.
1.YesterdayIcaughttwofishandputtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwothatarestillalive.
⑦如果有两个从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词宜用that,以避免语言的单调或重复。
builtupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.
⑧主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时,关系代词宜用that,以避免重复。
1.Whichisthebookthatyoulikebest?
2.Whoisthemanthatisstandingatthegate?
⑨主句是Therebe结构,修饰其主句的定语从句宜用that作关系代词.如:
1.Thereisstillaseatinthecornerthatisstillfree.
⑩先行词在从句中做表语时
1.Heisnottheyoungmanthathewas30yearsago.
2.Myhomevillageisnolongertheplace(that)itusedtobe.
定语从句中宜用which而不宜用that的情况:
①当关系代词的前面有介词时.
1.Azooisaparkinwhichmanykindsofanimalsarekeptforexhibition.
2.IsthistheroominwhichMr.Whitelives?
②在非限制性定语从句中.
1.Crusoe'sdog,whichwasarenowveryold,becameillanddied.
③在一个句子中有两个定语从句,其中一个定语从句的关系代词用了that,另一个宜用which.
1.Letmeshowyouthenovel,thatIborrowedfromthelibrarywhichwasnewlyopentous.
2.AtthestationIboughtsomemagazinesthatmighthelpmetopassthetimeonthetrainandwhichIcouldpassontootherswhenIfinishedthem.
④当关系代词后面带有插入语时.
1.Here'stheEnglishgrammarwhich,asIhavetoldyou,willhelpimproveyourEnglish.
⑤先行词本身是that,宜用which.
What'sthatwhichsheislookingat?
⑥先行词是those+复数名词.
Ashopshouldkeepastockofthosegoodswhichsellbest.
●as&which:
as&which引导非限制性定语从句的区别:
①位置的不同:
Which(放句中)引导的定语从句只置于所限制的句子后;as位置较灵活,也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面;插在句子中或放在句子后。
如:
1.Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.
2.Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.或Jackisanhonestman,asyouknow.
或Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.
②先行词的不同:
as引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词多为一个句子;
which引导非限制性定语从句时,其先行词可以是一个词,一个短语或一个句子。
Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.(先行词是一个词)
Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.
Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.(先行词是一个句子)
Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.
Hewasaforeigner,asIknowfromhisaccent.
③as一般译为"正如""就像","这一点"
asweallknow;asyouknow;asisknowntoall;asyousee;aswecansee;ashasbeenexpected;aswehaveimagined.
·Thesame…as与thesame…that的区别
Thesame…as指的是同一类事物,例如
Sheboughtthesam
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