国际经济学第九版英文课后答案第7单元.docx
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国际经济学第九版英文课后答案第7单元.docx
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国际经济学第九版英文课后答案第7单元
CHAPTER7
ECONOMICGROWTHANDINTERNATIONALTRADE
OUTLINE
Introduction
GrowthofFactorsofProduction
LaborGrowthandCapitalAccumulationOverTime
TheRybczynskiTheorem
TechnicalProgress
Neutral,Labor-Saving,andCapital-SavingTechnicalProgress
TechnicalProgressandtheNation'sProductionFrontier
CaseStudy7-1:
ChangesinRelativeResourceEndowmentsofVariousCountriesandRegions
CaseStudy7-2:
ChangeinCapital-LaborRationsinSelectedCountries
GrowthandTrade:
TheSmallCountryCase
TheEffectsofGrowthonTrade
IllustrationofFactorGrowth,Trade,andWelfare
TechnicalProgress,Trade,andWelfare
CaseStudy7-3:
GrowthofOutputperWorkerfromCapitalDeepening,TechnologicalChange,andImprovementsinEfficiency
GrowthandTrade:
TheLarge-CountryCase
GrowthandtheNation'sTermsofTradeandWelfare
ImmiserizingGrowth
IllustrationofBeneficialGrowthandTrade
CaseStudy7-4:
Growth,Trade,andtheGiantsoftheFuture
Growth,ChangeinTastes,andTradeinBothNations
GrowthandTradeinBothNations
ChangeinTastesandTradeinBothNations
CaseStudy7-5:
ChangeintheRevealedComparativeAdvantageofVariousCountriesorRegions
CaseStudy7-6:
Growth,Trade,andWelfareintheLeadingIndustrialNations
Appendix:
FormalProofofRybczynskiTheorem
GrowthwithFactorImmobility
GraphicalAnalysisofHicksianTechnicalProgress
KeyTerms
ComparativestaticsAntitradeproductionandconsumption
DynamicanalysisNeutralproductionandconsumption
BalancedgrowthNormalgoods
RybczynskitheoremInferiorgoods
Labor-savingtechnicalprogressTerms-of-tradeeffect
Capital-savingtechnicalprogressWealtheffect
ProtradeproductionandconsumptionImmiserizinggrowth
LectureGuide
1.Thisisnotacorechapteranditisoneofthemostchallengingchaptersininternationaltrade
theory.Itisincludedformoreadvancedstudentsandforcompleteness.
2.IfIweretocoverthischapter,Iwouldpresenttwosectionsineachofthreelectures.
Timepermitting,Iwould,otherwisecoverSections1and2,payingspecialattentiontothe
Rybczynskitheorem.
AnswertoProblems
1.a)SeeFigure1.
b)SeeFigure2
c)SeeFigure3.
2.SeeFigure4.
3.a)SeeFigure5.
b)SeeFigure6.
c)SeeFigure7.
4.CompareFigure5toFigure1.
CompareFigure6toFigure3.Notethatthetwoproductionfrontiershavethesamevertical
orYinterceptinFigure6butadifferentverticalorYinterceptinFigure3.
CompareFigure7toFigure2.Notethatthetwoproductionfrontiershavethesame
horizontalorXinterceptinFigure7butadifferenthorizontalorXinterceptinFigure2.
5.SeeFigure8onpage66.
6.SeeFigure9.
7.SeeFigure10.
8.SeeFigure11.
9.SeeFigure12.
10.SeeFigure13onpage67.
11.SeeFigure14.
12.SeeFigure15.
13.TheUnitedStateshasbecomethemostcompetitiveeconomyintheworldsincetheearly
1990’swhilethedatainTablereferstothe1965-1990period.
14.ThedatainTableseemtoindicatethatChinahadacomparativeadvantageincapital-intensivecommoditiesandacomparativedisadvantageinunskilled-laborintensivecommoditiesin1973.Thiswasverylikelyduetothemanytraderestrictionsandsubsidies,whichdistortedthecomparativeadvantageofChina.Itstruecomparativeadvantagebecameevidentby1993afterChinahadstartedtoliberalizeitseconomy.
App.1a.SeeFigure16.
1b.ForproductionandconsumptiontoactuallyoccuratthenewequilibriumpointafterthedoublingofKinNation2,wemustassumeeitherthancommodityXisinferiororthatNation2istoosmalltoaffecttherelativecommoditypricesatwhichittrades.
1c.Px/Pymustrise.,Py/Pxmustfall)asaresultofgrowthonly.
Px/Pywillfallevenmorewithtrade.
1.IfthesupplyofcapitalincreasesinNation1intheproductionofcommodityY
only,theVMPLycurveshiftsup,andwrisesinbothindustries.Somelaborshifts
totheproductionofY,theoutputofYrisesandtheoutputofXfalls,rfalls,and
Px/Pyislikelytorise.
2.CapitalinvestmentstendtoincreaserealwagesbecausetheyraisetheK/Lratioandtheproductivityoflabor.TechnicalprogresstendstoincreaseK/LandrealwagesifitisL-savingandtoreduceK/LandrealwagesifitisK-saving.
Multiple-ChoiceQuestions
1.Dynamicfactorsintradetheoryrefertochangesin:
a.factorendowments
b.technology
c.tastes
*d.alloftheabove
2.DoublingtheamountofLandKunderconstantreturnstoscale:
a.doublestheoutputoftheL-intensivecommodity
b.doublestheoutputoftheK-intensivecommodity
c.leavestheshapeoftheproductionfrontierunchanged
*d.alloftheabove.
3.DoublingonlytheamountofLavailableunderconstantreturnstoscale:
a.lessthandoublestheoutputoftheL-intensivecommodity
*b.morethandoublestheoutputoftheL-intensivecommodity
c.doublestheoutputoftheK-intensivecommodity
d.leavestheoutputoftheK-intensivecommodityunchanged
4.TheRybczynskitheorempostulatesthatdoublingLatconstantrelativecommodityprices:
a.doublestheoutputoftheL-intensivecommodity
*b.reducestheoutputoftheK-intensivecommodity
c.increasestheoutputofbothcommodities
d.anyoftheabove
5.DoublingLislikelyto:
a.increasestherelativepriceoftheL-intensivecommodity
b.reducestherelativepriceoftheK-intensivecommodity
*c.reducestherelativepriceoftheL-intensivecommodity
d.anyoftheabove
6.TechnicalprogressthatincreasestheproductivityofLproportionatelymorethanthe
productivityofKiscalled:
*a.capitalsaving
b.laborsaving
c.neutral
d.anyoftheabove
7.A50percentproductivityincreaseintheproductionofcommodityY:
a.increasestheoutputofcommodityYby50percent
b.doesnotaffecttheoutputofX
c.shiftstheproductionfrontierintheYdirectiononly
*d.anyoftheabove
8.DoublingLwithtradeinasmallL-abundantnation:
*a.reducesthenation'ssocialwelfare
b.reducesthenation'stermsoftrade
c.reducesthevolumeoftrade
d.alloftheabove
9.DoublingLwithtradeinalargeL-abundantnation:
a.reducesthenation'ssocialwelfare
b.reducesthenation'stermsoftrade
c.reducesthevolumeoftrade
*d.alloftheabove
10.If,atunchangedtermsoftrade,anationwantstotrademoreaftergrowth,thenthe
nation'stermsoftradecanbeexpectedto:
*a.deteriorate
b.improve
c.remainunchanged
d.anyoftheabove
11.Aproportionatelygreaterincreaseinthenation'ssupplyoflaborthanofcapitalislikely
toresultinadeteriorationinthenation'stermsoftradeifthenationexports:
a.theK-intensivecommodity
*b.theL-intensivecommodity
c.eithercommodity
d.bothcommodities
12.Technicalprogressinthenation'sexportcommodity:
*a.mayreducethenation'swelfare
b.willreducethenation'swelfare
c.willincreasethenation'swelfare
d.leavesthenation'swelfareunchanged
13.DoublingKwithtradeinalargeL-abundantnation:
a.increasesthenation'swelfare
b.improvesthenation'stermsoftrade
c.reducesthevolumeoftrade
*d.alloftheabove
14.Anincreaseintastesfortheimportcommodityinbothnations:
a.reducesthevolumeoftrade
*b.increasesthevolumeoftrade
c.leavesthevolumeoftradeunchanged
d.anyoftheabove
15.AnincreaseintastesoftheimportcommodityofNationAandexportinB:
*a.willreducethetermsoftradeofNationA
b.willincreasethetermsoftradeofNationA
c.willreducethetermsoftradeofNationB
d.anyoftheabove
ADDITIONALESSAYSANDPROBLEMSFORPARTONE
1.AssumethatboththeUnitedStatesandGermanyproducebeefandcomputerchipswiththefollowingcosts:
UnitedStatesGermany
(dollars)(marks)
Unitcostofbeef(B)28
Unitcostofcomputerchips(C)12
a)Whatistheopportunitycostofbeef(B)andcomputerchips(C)ineachcountry
b)InwhichcommoditydoestheUnitedStateshaveacomparativecostadvantage
WhataboutGermany
c)WhatistherangeformutuallybeneficialtradebetweentheUnitedStatesandGermanyforeachcomputerchiptraded
d)HowmuchwouldtheUnitedStatesandGermanygainif1unitofbeefisexchangedfor3chips
Ans.a)IntheUnitedStates:
theopportunitycostofoneunitofbeefis2chips;
theopportunitycostofonechipis1/2unitofbeef.
InGermany:
theopportunitycostofoneunitofbeefis4chips;
theopportunitycostofonechipis1/4unitofbeef.
b)TheUnitedStateshasacomparativecostadvantageinbeefwithrespecttoGermany,whileGermanyhasacomparativecostadvantageincomputerchips.
c)TherangeformutuallybeneficialtradebetweentheUnitedStatesandGermanyforeachunitofbeefthattheUnitedStatesexportsis
2C<1B<4C
d)BoththeUnitedStatesandGermanywouldgain1chipforeachunitofbeeftraded.
2.Given:
(1)twonations(1and2)whichhavethesametechnologybutdifferentfactorendowmentsandtastes,
(2)twocommodities(XandY)producedunderincreasingcostsconditions,and(3)notransportationcosts,tariffs,orotherobstructionstotrade.Provegeometricallythatmutuallyadvantageoustradebetweenthetwonationsispossible.
Note:
Youranswershouldshowtheautarky(no-trade)andfree-tradepointsofproductionandconsumptionforeachnation,thegainsfromtradeofeachnation,andexpresstheequilibriumconditionthatshouldprevailwhentradestopsexpanding.)
Ans.:
SeeFigure1onpage74.
Nations1and2havedi
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