english literature.docx
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english literature.docx
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englishliterature
I.TorF
1.Settingisthebackgroundagainstwhichacharacterisdepictedoraneventnarrated.
2.“Beowulf”happenedinEngland.
3.“Epic”isoneoftheancienttypesofpoetryandplaysaveryimportantroleinearlydevelopmentofliteratureandcivilization.
4.“Beowulf”isthenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.
5.Theearlymanuscriptof“Beowulf”isfoundwritteninthe10thcentury.
6.“Beowulf”isalongnarrativepoem.
7.OneoftheconsequencesofNormanconquestisthatFrenchcultureisbroughttoEngland.
8.IncomparisonwithOldEnglishliterature,MiddleEnglishliteraturedealswithawiderrangeofsubjects;isutteredbymorevoicesandispresentedinagreaterdiversityofstyle,tonesandgenres.
9.ThemostprevailingkindofliteratureinfeudalEnglandwastheromance.
10.Iftheepicreflectsaheroicage,theromancereflectsachivalricone.
11.ThethemeofRomanceisusu.loyaltytothecommonpeople.
*Thelegendof_______wasthemostpopularthemeemployedinthe14thcentury.
II.Questions
1.Whatis“OldEnglish”?
2.WhatisEpic?
Chapter5EnglishBallads
5.1Definition
Storytoldinsong,in4-linestanzas,with2nd,4thlinesrhymed,Englishfolkliterature;oralformsofversesungorrecitedbytheunletteredpeople.
5.2StylisticfeaturesoftheBallads
----simplicity
-----rhymed
5.3subjectsoftheBallads
5.3.1BorderBallads
5.3.2lovetheme
5.3.3seaballads
5.3.4domesticlife
5.3.5child’scollection:
RobinHood
RobinHood:
outlaw,hero,againsttyrants;
many-sided:
strong,brave,clever,tender-hearted,affectionate
GeoffreyChaucer(1343-1400)
Backgroundofthesociety
*feudaloppressionledtopeasants’revolts
*HundredYears’War–extrataxes
*BlackDeath
*RenaissanceinItaly
GeoffreyChaucer(1343-1400)
--founderofEnglishpoetry;
--1sttrueEnglishpoet
--founderofEnglishrealism
--1stburiedinWestminsterAbbey,“Poets’Corner”
Hislife-richknowledge&experiences
*page-wayofcourt
*army-prisonerinFrance
*JohnofGaunt,4thsonofEdward
*diplomaticmissionstoFrance&Italy
*otherpositions
Hiscareer
--French
--Italian
--English----maturity
Masterpiece–TheCanterburyTales
.1generalintroduction
2thestructure:
TheGeneralPrologue:
time,place,characters…
tales
SeparatePrologues
TheGeneralPrologue
charactersketches–miniature/microcosm
Friars,Pardoners,Monks,Summons,Sailors,Franklin,Yeoman,Doctor,Scholar,Nuns,WifeofBath…
WifeofBath
notbeautiful,
Butforceful,brightclothesandelaboratehead-dress,goodquality,newshoes,showwealth
Wife’sstory:
Knight-rape--findouttheanswerto"Whatisitthatwomenmostdesire?
"withinoneyear–fairies,ugly---sovereigntyovertheirhusbands---marry
"womendesiretohavesovereigntyandmasteryovertheirhusbands"
Virtueisthetruenobility.
"tohaveheruglyandoldbutloyaltytohimuntildeath;ortohaveheryoungandfair,andtotakehischancesonherfidelity(忠诚)
feminism
Significance
*affirmsman’srighttopursueearthlyhappiness
*praisesman’senergy,intellect,quickwit&loveoflife
*exposes&satirizessocialweakness
*realisticwriter
*masteroftheEnglishlanguage:
heroiccouplet–5accentsiniambicmeter
---Iamb:
unstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedone
---iambicpentameter五步抑扬格
Questionsforthinking
*InwhatwayareTheCanterburyTalesstrungtogether?
•---hostoftheinn---prologues
*WhyhasChaucerbeencalled“thefounderofEnglishRealism:
?
•A.OldEnglish,religious,heroic
••B.MiddleEnglish,romance
••C.Chauceralone,1st,realisticpictureofsociety
*TotellonestoryofTheCanterburyTales.
*InwhatwayareTheCanterburyTalesstrungtogether?
---hostoftheinn
---prologues
TheThousandandOneNights
Boccaccio’sDecameron
*WhyhasChaucerbeencalled“thefounderofEnglishRealism?
A.OldEnglish,religious,heroic
B.MiddleEnglish,romance
C.Chauceralone,1st,realisticpictureofsociety
PartIITheEnglishRenaissance(1485-1660)
IHistoricalBackground
•1485-1558beginning
•1558-1603blooming
•1603-1660
Anepochofmanyradicalchanges:
•1.EnclosureMovement(15th)
•2.Foreigntrade&marketswerevastlyexpanded
•---warwithSpain,enormouswealth
•---travel&adventures--newland–wealth&mindsbroadened
•3.ReligiousReformation
•3.1GermanyMartinLuther
•3.2HenryVIII&commonpeople
•3.3QueenMary(1553-1558)
•3.4QueenElizabeth(1558-1603)
consequences:
•Economydeveloped
•Horizonbroadened
•Mindfreed
“Itwasanageofdreams,ofadventures,ofunboundedenthusiasmrevealedbyEnglishexplorers.Itnotonlyopenedupanewearthtomen’seyesbutalsoencouragedmentocreateanewheaveninliteraturetomatchit.Thus,men’sdreamsmightberealizedeitherbyexplorersintheiradventuresorbywritersintheirliterature
II.FeaturesofEnglishRenaissance
•--time:
14th,15th,16th
•--twofeatures:
•a.thirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature
•b.humanism
•--humanist:
ThomasMore
III.PoetryinEnglishRenaissance
sonnet
blankverse
3.1Sonnet---alyricof14linesiniambicpentameter
•3.1.1ShakespeareanSonnet/EnglishSonnet/ElizabethanSonnet:
3quatrainsandaterminalcoupletiniambicpentameterwiththerhymepattern:
•ababcdcdefefgg
ThomasWyatt
•3.1.2SpenserianSonnet:
3quatrainsandacoupletiniambicpentameterwiththerhyme:
•ababbcbccdcdee
•3.1.3PetrarchanSonnet/ItalianSonnet
•Petrarch1304-1374,Italianpoet
•abbaabba
•cdecde/cdcdcd
3.2Blankverse
•Referstopoemsofunrhymedlines,usu.writteniniambicpentameter.Unrhymed-rhymeschemeis“blank”
•---HenryHoward,EarlofSurreyintroduceditintoE.
•---mid-16thc.,dominantverseformofEdramatic&narrativepoetry:
Marlowe\Shakespeareuseditindrama;
•---Milton’s“ParadiseLost”
•---continuetoprevailinthe19th&20th:
Wordsworth,JohnKeats,Tennyson,RobertBrowning
3.3EdmundSpenser(1552-1599)埃德蒙.斯宾塞
3.3.1life&career
•--borninaminornoblefamily
•--education:
MerchantTaylor’sschool,Cambridge,Italian,French,Latin&Greek
•--secretarytoLordGreyinIrelandin1580-beautifulIrishsceneryappearsinhispoem
•--marriedElizabethBoylein1594
•--wrotehismasterpiece“TheFaerieQueene”(1589-96)
•--houseburneddownin1598inafierceIrishrebellion,fledtoLondon,neverrecoveredfromit,heartbroken,diedinaninnnextyear.
•--1599,buriedinWestminsterAbbey,Poet’spoet
•EdmundSpenserisburiedin'Poets'Corner',WestminsterAbbey,London.ItisreportedthathisfuneralwasattendedbyJonson,Beaumont, FletcherandShakespeare.ApparentlytheyallwroteelegiesforSpenserwhichtheythrewintothegravealongwiththeirpens.
3.3.2TheShepherd’sCalendar,1579
•--nexttohismasterpiece
•--in12books,oneforeachmonth
•--Shepherds&shepherdesses
•--themes:
rurallife,nature,loveinthefields
3.3.3TheFaerieQueene
•---structure:
12books,finished6
•---purpose:
toeducate,toturnayoungmanintoagentleman
•---thoughts:
•nationalism
•humanism
•puritanism
•---language:
SpenserianStanza42
3.3.4Spencer’sposition
EnglishDramainRenaissance
--highestglory
--4forms:
a.MiraclePlay(神迹剧)
b.MoralityPlay
c.theInterlude
d.ClassicalDrama
UniversityWits:
----Lyly,Peele,Marlowe,Greene,Lodge&Nash
ChristopherMarlowe马洛(1564-93)
---mostgiftedoftheUniversityWits
---greatestofthepioneersofEnglishdrama
---firstmadeblankversetheprincipalinstrumentofEnglishdrama
---pavedthewayforShakespeare
---masterpiece:
TheTragicalHistoryofDoctorFaustus(浮士德博士的悲剧)
WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)
I.Life
--Stratford-on-Avon
--7,grammarschool,readwidely
--14,father,indebt,leftschool
--1582,marriedAnneHathaway,8older,3children
--horseoutsidetheplay-houses,actor
II.HisSonnets
1593-1599,154
1-17ahandsomeyoungmanisbeingpersuadedtomarry
18-126ahandsomeyoungman
127-154“darkladyofthesonnets”
悲剧tragedies
罗密欧与朱丽叶(RomeoandJuliet)
麦克白(Macbeth)又译:
麦克白斯、麦克佩斯
李尔王(KingLear)
哈姆雷特(Hamlet)又译:
汉姆雷特、汉姆莱特
奥赛罗(Othello)又译:
奥瑟罗
泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯(TitusAndronicus)
裘力斯·凯撒(JuliusCaesar)
安东尼与克莉奥佩屈拉(AntonyandCleopatra)
科利奥兰纳斯(Coriolanus)
特洛埃勒斯与克蕾雪达(TroilusandCressida)
雅典的泰门(TimonofAthens)
喜剧comedies
错中错(TheComedyofErrors)又译:
错中错喜剧、错误的喜剧
终成眷属(All'sWellThatEndsWell)又译:
如愿
皆大欢喜(AsYouLikeIt)
仲夏夜之梦(AMidsummerNight'sDream)
无事生非(MuchAdoAboutNothing)又译:
捕风捉影
一报还一报(MeasureforMeasure)又译:
请君入瓮、量罪记、将心比心
暴风雨(TheTempest)
驯悍记(TamingoftheShrew)
第十二夜(TwelfthNightorWhatYouWill)
威尼斯商人(TheMerchantofVenice)
温莎的风流娘们(TheMerryWivesofWindsor)
爱的徒劳(Love'sLabor'sLost)
维洛那二绅士(TheTwoGentlemenofVerona)又译:
两贵亲
泰尔亲王佩力克尔斯(PericlesPrinceofTyre)
辛白林(Cymbeline)
冬天的故事(TheWinter'sTale)
历史剧historicalplays
亨利四世,第一卷(HenryIV,part1)
亨利四世,第二卷(HenryIV,part2)
亨利五世(HenryV)
亨利六世,第一卷(HenryVI,part1)
亨利六世,第二卷(HenryVI,part2)
亨利六世,第三卷(HenryVI,part3)
亨利八世(HenryVIII)
约翰王(KingJohn)
里查二世(RichardII)
里查三世(RichardIII)
诗poems
十四行诗(TheSonnets)
爱人的怨诉(ALover‘sComplaint)又译:
情女怨
鲁克丽丝失贞记(TheRapeofLucrece)又译:
露克丽丝遭强暴记
维纳斯和阿多尼斯(VenusandAdonis)
热情的朝圣者(ThePassionatePilgrim)又译:
激情飘泊者
凤凰和斑鸠(ThePhoenixandtheTurtle)
其它疑为莎士比亚的作品
托马斯·莫尔爵士(SirThomasMore)
爱德华三世(EdwardIII)
挽歌(FuneralElegy)
威廉·莎士比亚-莎翁名言
Tobeornottobe,thatisaquestion.
生存还是毁灭,这是一个值得考虑的问题。
Betterawittyfoolthanafoolishwit.
宁为聪明的愚夫,不作愚蠢的才子。
Alightheartliveslong.
豁达者长寿。
Donot,foronerepulse,giveupthepurpose
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