行为经济学前沿英文版.docx
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行为经济学前沿英文版.docx
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行为经济学前沿英文版
AdvancesinBehavioralEconomicsTheRoundtableSeriesinBehavioralEconomicsTheRoundtableSeriesinBehavioralEconomicsaimstoadvanceresearchinthenewin-terdisciplinaryfieldofbehavioraleconomics.Behavioraleconomicsusesfacts,models,andmethodsfromneighboringsciencestoestablishdescriptivelyaccuratefindingsabouthumancognitiveabilityandsocialinteractionandtoexploretheimplicationsofthesefind-ingsforeconomicbehavior.Themostfertileneighboringscienceinrecentdecadeshasbeenpsychology,butsociology,anthropology,biology,andotherfieldscanusefullyinflu-enceeconomicsaswell.TheRoundtableSeriespublishesbooksineconomicsthataredeeplyrootedinempiricalfindingsormethodsfromoneormoreneighboringsciencesandadvanceeconomicsonitsownterms—generatingtheoreticalinsights,makingmoreaccu-ratepredictionsoffieldphenomena,andsuggestingbetterpolicy.ColinCamererandErnstFehr,SeriesEditorsTheBehavioralEconomicsRoundtableHenryAaronGeorgeLoewensteinGeorgeAkerlofSendhilMullainathanLindaBabcockMatthewRabinColinCamererThomasSchellingPeterDiamondEldarShafirJonElsterRobertShillerErnstFehrCassSunsteinDanielKahnemanRichardThalerDavidLaibsonRichardZeckhauserAdvancesinBehavioralEconomicsEditedbyCOLINF.CAMERER,GEORGELOEWENSTEIN,andMATTHEWRABINRUSSELLSAGEFOUNDATION,NEWYORK,NEWYORKPRINCETONUNIVERSITYPRESSPRINCETONANDOXFORDCopyright?
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2004byRussellSageFoundationRequestsforpermissiontoreproducematerialsfromthisworkshouldbesenttoPermissions,PrincetonUniversityPressPublishedbyPrincetonUniversityPress,41WilliamStreet,Princeton,NewJersey08540IntheUnitedKingdom:
PrincetonUniversityPress,3MarketPlace,Woodstock,OxfordshireOX201SYandRussellSageFoundation,112East64thStreet,NewYork,NewYork10021AllRightsReservedLibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataAdvancesinbehavioraleconomics/editedbyColinF.Camerer,GeorgeLoewenstein,andMatthewRabin.p.cm.—(Theroundtableseriesinbehavioraleconomics)Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.ISBN0-691-11681-4(alk.paper)—ISBN0-691-11682-2(pbk.:
alk.paper)1.Economics—Psychologicalaspects.I.Camerer,Colin,1959–II.Loewenstein,George.III.Rabin,Matthew,1963–IV.Series.HB74.P8A3752003330.019—dc212003044481ThisbookwascomposedinTimesPrintedonacid-freepaper.www.pup.princeton.eduwww.russellsage.orgPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica10987654321ToDanielKahneman,RichardThaler,AmosTversky,andEricWannerCONTENTSLISTOFCONTRIBUTORSxiPREFACExxiACKNOWLEDGMENTSxxvPARTONE:
INTRODUCTION1CHAPTERONEBehavioralEconomics:
Past,Present,FutureColinF.CamererandGeorgeLoewenstein3PARTTWO:
BASICTOPICS53Reference-DependenceAndLoss-AversionCHAPTERTWOExperimentalTestsoftheEndowmentEffectandtheCoaseTheoremDanielKahneman,JackL.Knetsch,andRichardH.Thaler55CHAPTERTHREEMentalAccountingMattersRichardH.Thaler75PreferencesOverRiskyandUncertainOutcomesCHAPTERFOURDevelopmentsinNonexpected-UtilityTheory:
TheHuntforaDescriptiveTheoryofChoiceunderRiskChrisStarmer104CHAPTERFIVEProspectTheoryintheWild:
EvidencefromtheFieldColinF.Camerer148IntertemporalChoiceCHAPTERSIXTimeDiscountingandTimePreference:
ACriticalReviewShaneFrederick,GeorgeLoewenstein,andTedO’Donoghue162CHAPTERSEVENDoingItNoworLaterTedO’DonoghueandMatthewRabin223viiiCONTENTSFairnessandSocialPreferencesCHAPTEREIGHTFairnessasaConstraintonProfitSeeking:
EntitlementsintheMarketDanielKahneman,JackL.Knetsch,andRichardH.Thaler252CHAPTERNINEATheoryofFairness,Competition,andCooperationErnstFehrandKlausM.Schmidt271CHAPTERTENIncorporatingFairnessintoGameTheoryandEconomicsMatthewRabin297CHAPTERELEVENExplainingBargainingImpasse:
TheRoleofSelf-ServingBiasesLindaBabcockandGeorgeLoewenstein326GameTheoryCHAPTERTWELVETheoryandExperimentintheAnalysisofStrategicInteractionVincentP.Crawford344CHAPTERTHIRTEENBehavioralGameTheory:
PredictingHumanBehaviorinStrategicSituationsColinF.Camerer374PARTTHREE:
APPLICATIONS393MacroeconomicsandSavingsCHAPTERFOURTEENMentalAccounting,Saving,andSelf-ControlHershM.ShefrinandRichardH.Thaler395CHAPTERFIFTEENGoldenEggsandHyperbolicDiscountingDavidLaibson429CHAPTERSIXTEENTheFairWage-EffortHypothesisandUnemploymentGeorgeA.AkerlofandJanetL.Yellen458CHAPTERSEVENTEENMoneyIllusionEldarShafir,PeterDiamond,andAmosTversky483CONTENTSixLaborEconomicsCHAPTEREIGHTEENFairnessandRetaliation:
TheEconomicsofReciprocityErnstFehrandSimonG?
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chter510CHAPTERNINETEENLaborSupplyofNewYorkCityCabDrivers:
OneDayataTimeColinF.Camerer,LindaBabcock,GeorgeLoewenstein,andRichardH.Thaler533CHAPTERTWENTYWages,Seniority,andtheDemandforRisingConsumptionProfilesRobertH.FrankandRobertM.Hutchens548CHAPTERTWENTY-ONEIncentives,Punishment,andBehaviorUriGneezyandAldoRustichini572FinanceCHAPTERTWENTY-TWOMyopicLoss-AversionandtheEquityPremiumPuzzleShlomoBenartziandRichardH.Thaler590CHAPTERTWENTY-THREEDoInvestorsTradeTooMuch?
TerranceOdean606CHAPTERTWENTY-FOURLoss-AversionandSellerBehavior:
EvidencefromtheHousingMarketDavidGenesoveandChristopherMayer633PARTFOUR:
NEWFOUNDATIONS657CHAPTERTWENTY-FIVECase-BasedDecisionTheoryItzhakGilboaandDavidSchmeidler659CHAPTERTWENTY-SIXOutofControl:
VisceralInfluencesonBehaviorGeorgeLoewenstein689INDEX725CONTRIBUTORSGeorgeA.AkerlofistheKoshlandProfessorofEconomicsattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.HereceivedhisPh.D.fromMITin1966,atwhichtimehejoinedthefacultyatBerkeley.In2001hewascorecipientoftheNobelPrizeinEconomicsforhisworkontheroleofasymmetricinformationinmarkets.Hehasalsopioneeredtheapplicationofsociologyandpsychologytotheworkingsofthemacroeconomy.Hehasproposedefficiencywageexplanationsforunemploy-ment.Accordingtotheseexplanations,employers,becauseofconcernsaboutworkermorale,maynotwishtoreducewagestomarketclearing.Hehasalsoexploredreasonswhyfirmsmightbeslowtochangewagesandprices,therebyexplainingthebusinesscycleandtheeffectivenessofmonetarypolicy.AkerlofhasbeenvicepresidentandmemberoftheexecutivecommitteeoftheAmericanEconomicsAssociation.LindaBabcockistheJamesMellonWaltonProfessorofEconomicsattheHeinzSchoolofPublicPolicyandManagementatCarnegieMellonUniversity.BabcockearnedaPh.D.ineconomicsfromtheUniversityofWisconsinandhasreceivednumerousresearchgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.Sheteachesne-gotiationandhaswontheschool’shighestteachingawardtwice.Shehasinvesti-gatedhowcognitivebiasesinnegotiatorbeliefscauseconflictinnegotiations,aswellastheeffectofvarioustortreformsonnegotiationimpasses,andtheroleofsocialcomparisonsinaffectingnegotiatedoutcomes.Herresearchhasappearedinthemostprestigiouseconomics,industrialrelations,andlawjournals.Hermostrecentresearchexaminesthesituationalfactorsthataffectgenderdifferencesinnegotiationandissummarizedinherrecentbook,WomenDon’tAsk:
NegotiationandtheGenderDivide(Princeton,2003).ShlomoBenartziisanassociateprofessoratUCLA’sAndersonGraduateSchoolofManagement.BenartzireceivedhisPh.D.fromCornellUniversity’sJohnsonGraduateSchoolofManagement.Hisresearchinvestigatesparticipantbehaviorindefinedcontributionplans.Inparticular,hiscurrentworkexamineshowparticipantsmakeinvestmentchoicesinretirementsavingplansandhowem-ployeesavingratescouldbeincreased.Benartzi’sworkhasbeenpublishedintheJournalofPoliticalEconomy,AmericanEconomicReview,JournalofFinance,andManagementScience.HisworkbeendiscussedintheEconomist,FinancialTimes,Investor’sBusinessDaily,theLosAngelesTimes,MoneyMagazine,theNewYorkTimes,PlanSponsor,PensionsandInvestments,theWallStreetJournal,andCNBC.BenartziservedontheERISAAdvisoryCounciloftheU.S.Depart-mentofLabor,andhecurrentlyservesontheadvisoryboardofMorningstarandtheInvestmentAdvisoryCounciloftheAlaskaStatePension.ColinF.CamereristheAxlineProfessorofBusinessEconomicsatCaltech,inPasadena,California,whereheteachesbothpsychologyandeconomics.CamererearnedaPh.D.inbehavioraldecisiontheoryin1981fromtheUniversityofChicago,xiiCONTRIBUTORSandworkedatKellogg,Wharton,andChicagobusinessschoolsbeforeCaltech.Hisresearchinbehavioraleconomicsfocusesmostlyontheoriesofriskydecisionmak-ingandstrategicbehavioringames.Hehasalsodoneexperimentsonpricebubblesand“cascades”inassetmarkets,creationoforganizationalcultureintheformof“codes,”andisnowdoingneuroscientificimagingexperimentsonbehavioringames.Camererhasalsoanalyzedfielddataonhot-handbiasesandcommitmentes-calationinNBAbasketball,andthelaborsupplyofNewYorkCitycabdrivers.Be-sidesnearly100journalarticlesandbookchapters,heisthecoauthororeditoroffourbooks,andtheauthorofBehavioralGameTheory(Princeton,2003).CamererwasthefirstbehavioraleconomisttobecomeaFellowoftheEconometricSociety,in1999,andwaspresidentoftheEconomicScienceAssociation2001–03.VincentCrawfordearnedanA.B.summacumlaudeinEconomicsfromPrincetonin1972,andaPh.D.ineconomicsfromtheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyin1976.Since1976hehasworkedattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,whereheisnowProfessorofEconomics.HehasheldvisitingpositionsatHarvard,Princeton,AustralianNationalUniversity,UniversityofCanterbury,andtheEcoledesHautesEtudesenSciencesSociales.HonorsincludeelectionasFel-lowoftheEconometricSociety,aGuggenheimfellowship,electiont
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