高考英语阅读理解专项训练4.docx
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高考英语阅读理解专项训练4.docx
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高考英语阅读理解专项训练4
2021年高考英语阅读理解专项训练4
TheMayanIndianslivedinMexicoforthousandsofyearsbeforetheSpanisharrivedinthe1500s.TheMayawereanintelligent,culturallyrichpeoplewhoseachievementsweremany.Theyhadfarms,beautifulpalaces,andcitieswithmanybuildings.TheMayanpeopleknewalotaboutnatureandtheworldaroundthem.Thisknowledgehelpedthemtoliveabetterlifethanmostpeopleofthattime,becausetheycoulduseittomaketheirlivesmorefortableandrewarding.Knowledgeabouttoolsandfarming,forinstance,madetheirworkeasierandmoreproductive.
InancientMexicothereweremanysmallclearingsintheforest.Ineachclearingwasavillagewithfieldsofcorn,beans,andothercropsaroundit.Toclearthelandforfarms,theMayacutdowntreeswithstoneaxes.Theyplantedseedsbydiggingholesinthegroundwithpointedsticks.Afarmerwasabletogrowcropsthatproducedfoodforseveralpeople.ButnoteveryMayahadtobeafarmer.Somewereclothmakers,builders,orpriests.
TheMayabelievedinmanygods,includingraingods,sungods,andcorngods.ThepeoplebuiltlargetemplestohonortheMayangods.Skillfulworkersbuiltcitiesaroundthesetemples.Itwasdifficultforthemtoconstructthesecities,becausetheyhadnohorsestocarrytheheavystonetheyusedtobuildwith.Workershadtocarryallofthebuildingmaterialsthemselves.Today,manyoftheseancientMayancitiesandtemplesarestillstanding.
AlthoughthecitiesthattheMayabuiltwerebeautiful,andthepeopleworkedhardtobuildthem,veryfewofthepeoplelivedinthem.Usually,onlythepriestslivedinthecities.
Theotherpeoplelivedinsmallvillagesintheforests.Theirhousesweremuchsimplerthantheelaboratestructuresinthecities.Theylivedinsmallhutswithnowindows.Thewallsweremadeofpolescoveredwithdriedmud,andtheroofwasmadeofgrassorleaves.MostMayalivedasimplelifeclosetonature.
MeasuringtimewasimportanttotheMaya,sotheydevelopedasystemformeasuringitaccurately.Farmersneededtoknowwhentoplantandharvesttheircrops.Mayanpriestsmadeasystemtokeeptrackoftime.Theywrotenumbersasdots(...)andbars(---).Adotwasoneandabarwasfive.
TheMayanpriestsstudiedtheSun,Moon,stars,andplanets.Theymadeacalendarfromwhattheylearned.Theyearwasdividedinto18monthsof20dayseachwithfivedaysleftover.TheMayancalendarwasfarmoreaccuratethantheEuropeancalendarsofthetime.
Aroundtheyear800,theMayalefttheirvillagesandbeautifulcities,nevertoreturn.Nooneknowswhythishappened.Theymayhavediedfromaninfectiousdisease.Theymayhaveleftbecausethesoilcouldnolongergrowcrops.ArchaeologistsarestilltryingtofindthelostsecretsoftheMaya.Theyarestilloneofourgreatestmysteries.
41.Accordingtothepassage,whatmadetheMayanpeople’slifeeasier?
A.Theirknowledgeaboutnatureandtheworld.
B.ThearrivaloftheSpanish.
C.Thelocationoftheirvillagesandcities.
D.Thegodstheybelievedin.
42.WhichofthefollowingisnottrueabouttheMaya?
A.ReligionwasanimportantpartoftheMayanculture.
B.TheMayaledasimpleandnaturallife.
C.MostMayanslivedinthecitiestheybuilt.
D.ToolsmadetheMayan’sfarmingeasierandmoreproductive.
43.Whatnumbersdo“..”and“–––”representrespectively?
A.2;3B.10;3C.2;15D.10;15
44.Theelaboratestructuresinthecities________________.
A.wereplexandconsistedofmanyparts
B.didn’thavemuchdecoration
C.weresmallbutverycozy
D.weremadeofmodernmaterials
45.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?
A.TheMayancalendarwasmoreaccuratethantheEuropeancalendar.
B.TheMayawereanintelligent,culturallyrichpeoplewithmanyachievements.
C.ThemysteriesoftheMaya.
D.HowdidtheMayandeveloptheiragriculture?
B
Belowisaselectionfromasciencewebsite:
genome.gov/250xx8
Whatiscloning?
Thetermcloningdescribesanumberofdifferentprocessesthatcanbeusedtoproducegeneticallyidenticalcopiesofabiologicalentity(存在体).Thecopiedmaterial,whichhasthesamegeneticmakeupastheoriginal,isreferredtoasaclone.
Howaregenescloned?
Researchersroutinelyusecloningtechniquestomakecopiesofgenesthattheywishtostudy.Theprocedureconsistsofinsertingagenefromoneorganism,oftenreferredtoas"foreignDNA,"intothegeneticmaterialofacarriercalledavector(带菌者).Examplesofvectorsincludebacteria,yeastcellsorviruses.Afterthegeneisinserted,thevectorisplacedinlaboratoryconditionsthatpromptittomultiply,resultinginthegenebeingcopiedmanytimesover.
Whatanimalshavebeencloned?
Overthelast50years,scientistshaveconductedcloningexperimentsinawiderangeofanimalsusingavarietyoftechniques.In1979,researchersproducedthefirstgeneticallyidenticalmicebysplittingmouseembryosinthetesttubeandthenimplantingtheresultingembryosintothewombsofadultfemalemice.Itwasnotuntil1996,however,thatresearcherssucceededincloningthefirstmammalfromamaturecelltakenfromanadultanimal.After276attempts,ScottishresearchersfinallyproducedDolly,thelambfromtheuddercellofa6-year-oldsheep.Besides,othermammalsthathavebeenclonedinclude:
cat,deer,dog,horse,mule,ox,rabbitandrat.
Havehumansbeencloned?
Despiteseveralhighlypublicizedclaims,humancloningstillappearstobefiction.Therecurrentlyisnosolidscientificevidencethatanyonehasclonedhumanembryos.
Inxx,scientistsinSouthKoreaclaimedtohavesuccessfullyclonedahumanembryo,butsaidtheexperimentwasinterruptedveryearlywhentheclonewasjustagroupoffourcells.
Inxx,agroupledbyWoo-SukHwangofSeoulNationalUniversityinSouthKoreapublishedapaperinthejournal Science inwhichitclaimedtohavecreatedaclonedhumanembryoinatesttube.However,anindependentscientificmitteelaterfoundnoprooftosupporttheclaimand,inJanuaryxx, Science announcedthatHwang'spaperhadbeenretracted(撤销).
Whyishumancloningdifficult?
Fromatechnicalperspective,cloninghumansandotherprimates(灵长类动物)ismoredifficultthaninothermammals.Onereasonisthattwoproteinsessentialtocelldivisionarelocatedveryclosetothechromosomes(染色体)inprimateeggs.Consequently,removaloftheegg'snucleustomakeroomforthedonornucleusalsoremovestheproteins,interferingwithcelldivision.Inothermammals,suchascats,rabbitsandmice,thetwoproteinsarespreadthroughouttheegg.So,removaloftheegg'snucleusdoesnotresultinlossofproteins.Inaddition,somedyesandtheultravioletlightusedtoremovetheegg'snucleuscandamagetheprimatecellandpreventitfromgrowing.
Whataresomeoftheethicalissuesrelatedtocloning?
Cloningwouldpresentthepotentialofcreatingahumanthatisgeneticallyidenticaltoanotherpersonwhohaspreviouslyexistedorwhostillexists.Thismayconflictwithlong-standingreligiousandsocietalvaluesabouthumandignity,possiblyviolatingprinciplesofindividualfreedom,identityandautonomy(自主权).However,somearguethatcloningcouldhelpsterile(生育困难的)couplesfulfilltheirdreamofparenthood.Othersseehumancloningasawaytoavoidpassingonahurtfulgenethatrunsinthefamilywithouthavingtoundergoembryoscreeningorembryoselection.
46.Whichofthefollowinganimalshasn’tbeencloned?
A.Cat.B.Donkey.
C.Sheep.D.Ox.
47.WhydidScienceretractHwang’spaper?
A.Hwangcopiedothers’findsinhispaper.
B.TherewasnoprooftosupportHwang’sclaim.
C.Sciencefoundoutmistakesinthepaper.
D.Hwangwantedtoupdatethepaperbyaddingnewthings.
48.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutcloningistrue?
A.Thecloningprocedureconsistsofinsertingavectorintothegeneticmaterial.
B.Dollywassuccessfullyclonedafterafewattempts.
C.Removaloftheegg’snucleuscancontributetothefailureofhumancloning.
D.Thereisnopossibilitythatsterilecouplescangivebirthtotheirbabies.
49.Whatisthemainpurposeoftheselection?
A.Tochallengenewfindingsinthepaper.
B.Toreportthelatestdiscoveriesofcloning.
C.Toprovideinformationaboutcloning.
D.Toclaimnewpossibilitiesofcloning.
C
Whileresidentsofwealthynationstendtohavegreaterlifesatisfaction,newresearchshows
thatthoselivinginpoorernationsreporthavinggreatermeaninginlife.
Thesefindings,publishedinPsychologicalScience,ajournaloftheAssociationforPsychologicalscience,suggestthatmeaninginlifemaybehigherinpoorernationsasaresultofgreaterreligiosity(笃信宗教).Ascountriesbeericher,religionbeeslesscentraltopeople’slivesandtheyloseasenseofmeaninginlife.
“Thusfar,thewealthofnationshasbeenalmostalwaysassociatedwithlongevity,health,happinessorlifesatisfaction,”explainspsychologicalscientistShigehiroOishioftheUniversityofVirginia.“Giventhatmeaninginlifeisanimportantaspectofoverallwell-being,wewantedtolookmorecarefullyatdifferentialpatterns,correlates(相关物),andpredictorsformeaninginlife.”
OishiandcolleagueEdDieneroftheUniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaigninvestigatedlifesatisfaction,meaning,andwell-beingbyexaminingdatafromthexxGallupWorldPoll,alarge-scalesurveyofover140,000participantsfrom132countries.Inadditiontoansweringabasiclifesatisfactionquestion,participantswereasked:
“Doyoufeelyourlifehasanimportantpurposeormeaning?
”and“Isreligionanimportantpartofyourdailylife?
”
Thedatarevealedsomeunexpectedtrends:
“AmongAmericans,thosewhoarehighinl
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