精校版语言学名词解释.docx
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精校版语言学名词解释.docx
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精校版语言学名词解释
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Chapter1:
Introduction
1。
Linguistics:
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage。
8.langue:
Langereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.
9.parole:
Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse。
10。
competence:
Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage。
11。
performance:
Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.
12.language:
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication。
13.designfeatures:
Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication。
14。
arbitrariness:
Arbitrarinessreferstonologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsound。
15.productivity:
Userscanunderstandandproducesentencesthattheyhaveneverheardbefore。
16.duality:
Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,withlowerleverofsound,whichismeaningless,andthehigherleverofmeaning。
17。
displacement:
Languagecanbeusedtorefertothecontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeakernomatterhowfarawayfromthetopicofconversationintimeorspace。
18.culturaltransmission:
Languageisculturallytransmitted.Itistaughtandlearnedfromonegenerationtothenext,ratherthanbyinstinct。
Chapter2:
Phonology
1.phonicmedium:
Themeaningfulspeechsoundinhumancommunication。
2.phonetics:
Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguageanditisconcernedwithallsoundsintheworld'slanguages。
3.articulatoryphonetics:
Itstudiessoundsfromthespeaker'spointofview,i。
e.howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.
4.auditoryphonetics:
Thestudiessoundsfromthehearer'spointofview,i.e。
howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer。
5.acousticphonetics:
Itstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother。
6.voicing:
thewaythatsoundsareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocalcords。
7。
voiceless:
thewaythatsoundsareproducedwithnovibrationofthevocalcords.
8.broadtranscription:
Theuseoflettersymbolsonlytoshowthesoundsorsoundssequencesinwrittenform.
9。
narrowtranscription:
Theuseoflettersymbol,togetherwiththediacriticstoshowsoundsinwrittenform.
10。
diacritics:
Thesymbolsusedtoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.
11.IPA:
shortforInternationalPhoneticAlphabets,asystemofsymbolsconsistsoflettersanddiacritics,usedtorepresentthepronunciationofwordsinanylanguage.
12.aspiration:
Alittlepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsaspeechsound。
13.mannerofarticulation:
Themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated.
14。
placeofarticulation:
Theplacewhereobstructioniscreated。
15.consonant:
aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamisobstructedinonewayoranother。
16。
vowel:
aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamfromthelungmeetswithnoobstruction。
17。
monophthong:
theindividualvowel。
18.diphthong:
Thevowelwhichconsistsoftwoindividualvowels,andfunctionsasasingleone。
19。
phone:
Thespeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage。
20。
phoneme:
Thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwosounds。
21。
allophone:
anydifferentformsofthesamephonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.
22。
phonology:
Thedescriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning。
23.phonemiccontrast:
twosimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning.
24.complementarydistribution:
allophonesofthesamephonemeandtheydon’tdistinguishmeaningbutcomplementeachotherindistribution.
25.minimalpair:
twodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptonesoundandoccursinthesameposition。
Thetwosoundsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.
26.sequentialrules:
Therulestogovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.
27。
assimilationrule:
Theruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.
28.deletionrule:
Therulethatasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented。
29。
suprasegmentalfeatures:
Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments——-—syllable,word,sentence。
30.tone:
Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords。
31.intonation:
Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation。
Chapter3:
Morphology
1.morphology:
Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandrulesforwordformation。
2。
openclass:
Agroupofwords,whichcontainsanunlimitednumberofitems,andnewwordscanbeaddedtoit.
3.closedclass:
Arelativelyfewwords,includingconjunctions,prepositionsandpronouns,andnewwordsarenotusuallyaddedtothem。
4。
morpheme:
Thesmallestunitofmeaningofalanguage.Itcannotbedividedwithoutalteringordestroyingitsmeaning.
5。
affix:
aletteroragroupofletter,whichisaddedtoaword,andwhichchangesthemeaningorfunctionoftheword,includingprefix,infixandsuffix。
6.suffix:
Theaffix,whichisaddedtotheendofaword,andwhichusuallychangesthepartofspeechofaword。
7。
prefix:
Theaffix,whichisaddedtothebeginningofaword,andwhichusuallychangesthemeaningofawordtoitsopposite。
8。
boundmorpheme:
Morphemethatcannotbeusedalone,anditmustbecombinedwitothers.E.g。
–ment。
9。
freemorpheme:
amorphemethatcanstandaloneasaword.
10.derivationalmorpheme:
Boundmorpheme,whichcanbeaddedtoastemtoformanewword。
11。
inflectionalmorpheme:
Akindofmorpheme,whichareusedtomakegrammaticalcategories,suchasnumber,tenseandcase.
12。
morphologicalrules:
Thewayswordsareformed.Theserulesdeterminehowmorphemescombinetoformwords.
13.compoundwords:
Acombinationoftwoormorewords,whichfunctionsasasinglewords
14.inflection:
themorphologicalprocesswhichadjustswordsbygrammaticalmodification,e。
g.inTherainscame,rainisinflectedforpluralityandcameforpasttense.
Chapter4:
Syntax
1.syntax:
Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences。
2.category:
Itreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb。
6。
phrase:
syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrase,thecategoryofwhichisdeterminedbythewordcategoryaroundwhichthephraseisbuilt。
8.head:
Thewordroundwhichphraseisformedistermedhead.
9.specifier:
Thewordsontheleftsideoftheheadsaresaidtofunctionasspecifiers。
10。
complement:
Thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsarecomplements。
11。
phrasestructurerule:
Thespecialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.
14.coordination:
Somestructuresareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasandoror.Suchphenomenonisknownascoordination。
15。
subcategorization:
Theinformationaboutaword’scomplementisincludedintheheadandtermedsuncategorization。
16。
complementizer:
Wordswhichintroducethesentencecomplementaretermedcomplementizer.
17。
complementclause:
Thesentenceintroducedbythecomplementizeriscalledacomplementclause.
18.complementphrase:
theelements,includingacomplementizerandacomplementclauseiscalledacomplementphrase.
19。
matrixclause:
thecontrusctioninwhichthecomplementphraseisembeddediscalledmatrixclause。
20。
modifier:
theelement,whichspecifiesoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheadsiscalledmodifier.
21.transformation:
aspecialtypeofrulethatcanmoveanelementfromonepositiontoanother
22.inversion:
theprocessoftransformationthatmovestheauxiliaryfromtheInflpositiontoapositiontotheleftofthesubject,iscalledinversion。
23.Doinsertion:
Intheprocessofformingyes-noquestionthatdoesnotcontainanovertInfl,interrogativedoisinsertedintoanemptyInflpositontomaketransformationwork.
24。
deepstructure:
AlevelofabstractsyntacticrepresentationformedbytheXPrule.
25。
surfacestructure:
Alevelofsyntacticrepresentationafterapplyingthenecessarysyntacticmovement,i.e。
transformation,tothedeepstructure。
(05)
26.universalgrammar:
theinnatenessprinciplesandpropertiesthatpertaintothegrammarsofallhumanlanguages。
Chapter5:
Semantics
1。
semantics:
Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaning.
3。
sense:
Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform。
Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.Itisabstractandde—contexturalized。
Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.
4。
reference:
Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld。
Itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience。
5。
synonymy:
Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning。
Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms。
6。
dialectalsynonyms:
synonymsthatareusedindifferentregional
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