专业英语八级解析阅读题.docx
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专业英语八级解析阅读题.docx
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专业英语八级解析阅读题
专业英语八级解析阅读题
TextA
Countlessmedicalstudieshaveconcludedthatplayingtoomanyvideogamescanbeharmfultoone'shealth.Now,however,itturnsoutthatoneofthemorepopularvideo-gameconsolesonthemarket,theXbox360,couldbeusedtosavelives.
AcomputerscientistattheUniversityofWarwickinEnglandhasdevisedawaytouseanXbox360todetectheartdefectsandhelppreventheartattacks.Thenewtoolhasthepotentialtorevolutionizethemedicalindustrybecauseitisbothfasterandcheaperthanthecomputersystemsthatarecurrentlyusedbyscientiststoperformcomplexheartresearch.
Thesystem,detailedinastudyintheAugusteditionoftheJournalofComputationalBiologyandChemistry,isbasedonavideo-gamedemocreatedbySimonScarletwoyearsagowhenhewasasoftwareengineeratMicrosoft'sRarestudio,thedivisionoftheU.S.-basedcompanythatdesignsgamesfortheXbox360.Scarlemodifiedachipintheconsolesothatinsteadofproducinggraphicsforthegame,itnowdeliversdatatrackinghowelectricalsignalsintheheartmovearounddamagedcardiaccells.Thiscreatesamodeloftheheartthatallowsdoctorstoidentifyheartdefectsorconditionssuchasarrhythmia,adisturbanceinthenormalrhythmoftheheartthatcausesittopumplesseffectively.
"Thisisacleveruseofaprocessingchip...tospeedupcalculationsofheartrhythm.
Whatusedtotakehourscanbecalculatedinseconds,withouthavingtoemployanextremelyexpensive,high-performancecomputer,"DenisNoble,directorofComputationalPhysiologyatOxfordUniversity,tellsTIME.
Tocreateaheartmodelnow,researchersmustusesupercomputersoranetworkofPCstocrunchmillionsofmathematicalequationsrelatingtotheproteins,cellsandtissuesoftheheart,atime-consumingandcostlyprocess.Scarle'sXboxsystemcandeliverthesameresultsataratefivetimesfasterand10timesmorecheap,accordingtothestudy.
"Thesegameconsolesaren'tjustglorifiedtoys.[They]arepiecesofverypowerfulcomputinghardware,"Scarlesays."Icanseethis...beingmostusefulforstudentsandearly-careerscientiststojustquicklyandcheaplygrabthatextrabitofcomputingpowertheyotherwisewouldn'tbeabletoget."
Scarleattributeshisbreakthroughcreationtohisunusualbackgroundofworkingasasoftwareengineerinthegamingindustryandperformingelectrocardio-dynamicsresearchattheUniversityofSheffieldinEngland.Theideafortheheart-modelingtoolcamefroma"littleshootergame"hedevelopedatMicrosoftinwhichaplayertriestogundownenemiesinanarenameanttoresembleaheart."Ididagame-ifiedversionofmyoldcardiaccode.Icouldactuallypresentsome'proper'science[basedon]thecoolthingsusgamedevelopersdo,"Scarlesays.
TheXbox360isn'ttheonlyvideo-gameconsolethatisbeingusedforscientificresearch.AttheUniversityofMassachusettscampusinDartmouth,scientistsareusingSonyPlayStationstosimulateblack-holecollisionstotrytosolvethemysteryofwhathappenswhenasupermassiveblackholeswallowsastar.
Soperhapsparentsshouldn'tbetooworriediftheirchildrenarespendinganinordinateamountoftimeplayingvideogames.Whoknows,today'sGrandTheftAutoorHaloaddictmayendupdiscoveringanewmoonaroundSaturnorfindingacureforcancer.1.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheXbox360?
A.Itisapopularvideo-game.
B.Itwasoriginallydevelopedtodetectheartdefects.
C.Itisagoodexamplethatvideogamescanbenefithumanbeings.
D.Itispreferredbythemedicalindustryintermsofitsspeedandcost.
答案:
B
[解答]此题是事实题。
由第一、三段可知,Xbox360是一种电子游戏的控制板,经过芯片改装之后被用于心脏检查。
2.Whatcanbeinferredfromthepassage?
A.Theauthorcriticizedthegamingindustry.
B.Theauthordoubtsifvideogamescanbebeneficial.
C.Theauthorbelievesthatvideogamesaregoodforone'shealth.
D.Theauthorbelievesthatvideogamescanhelpscientificresearchifproperlyused.
答案:
D
[解答]此题是推断题。
文章主题是电子游戏可以对人类有用。
3.Whatdoes"inordinate"meaninParagraph9?
A.limited
B.some
C.large
D.excessive
答案:
D
[解答]此题是词义理解题。
结合上下文可知,家长不必太担心孩子花太多的时间玩电子游戏。
4.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardplayingvideogames?
A.disgusting
B.fullofhatred
C.open-minded
D.disapproving
答案:
C
[解答]此题是推理概括题。
由最后一段可知,作者认为家长不必太担心孩子玩电子游戏,或许明天他们会因为玩电子游戏而成为一名科学家。
故作者对玩电子游戏持开放态度。
5.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?
A.Xbox:
AKindofNewVideoGames
B.Xbox:
AKindofMagicalVideoGames
C.HowXboxCanHelpFightHeartDisease
D.PlayingVideoGamesCanBenefitChildren
答案:
C
[解答]此题是推理概括题。
文章主题是如何使用Xbox来诊断心脏疾病,故选项C为正确答案。
TextB
SinceearlyNovember,casesofH1N1havecontinuedtodeclinenationwide,andscientistskeepingtrackofthenumberssaythataspandemicsgo,2009H1N1mayturnouttobeamildone—atleastforthetimebeing.
Thequestionnowonhealthofficials'mindsis:
Willtherebeasecondwaveofcasesinthenewyear?
Theanswerdependsonwhomyouask."Wetookaninformalpollofaboutadozenofsomeoftheworld'sleadingexpertsininfluenza,"Dr.ThomasFrieden,directoroftheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention(CDC),toldreportersrecently."Abouthalfofthemsaid,Yes,wethinkit'slikelythatwe'llhaveanothersurgeincases.Abouthalfsaid,No,wethinkit'snotlikely.Andonesaid,Flipacoin."
Itisanaccuratereflectionofhowunpredictabletheinfluenzaviruscanbe.Althoughfluactivityhasbeenwaningforthethirdweekinarow,healthofficialswarnthattherearestillfourtofivemonthsleftintheofficialinfluenzaseason,plentyoftimeforthevirustomakeitsroundsandfindnewhosts."Thestoryofpandemics,andthestoryofH1N1ingeneral,isthestoryofpersistentuncertaintywhereweneverquiteknowwhatwearegoingtogetorwhen,"saysDr.IrwinRedlener,directoroftheNationalCenterforDisasterPreparednessattheColumbiaUniversityMailmanSchoolofPublicHealth.
HowseverethecurrentH1N1pandemicseemsdependsonwhatyouuseasameasuringstick.Comparedwithpreviouspandemics,likethe1918Spanishflu,whichkilled20millionpeopleandinfectedupto40%oftheworld'spopulation,oreventhefarlessdeadly1957and1968boutswithastrainofH1N1influenzasimilartothe2009strain,thingsdon'tseemasbadthistimearound.Fewerpeoplearegettingseverelyillwheninfected,andfewerhavediedorrequiredhospitalizationfromthefluthaninpreviouspandemics.
MarcLipsitch,anepidemiologistattheHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,andhiscolleaguesstudiedthecourseofthe2009H1N1pandemiclastspringintwocities—NewYorkandMinneapolis—anddeterminedthat0.048%ofpeoplewhodevelopedsymptomsofH1N1died,and1.44%requiredhospitalization.Basedonthatdata,publishedinPLoSMedicine,Lipsitchanticipatesfarfewerdeathsfrom2009H1N1thanwasinitiallybelieved.Bytheendofthefluseasoninthespringof2010,Lipsitchpredicts,anywherefrom6,000to45,000peoplewillhavediedfromH1N1intheU.S.,withthenumbermostlikelytoendupbetween10,000and15,000.Thoseestimatesarefarbelowthedeathtollofthe1957flu,whichkilled69,800peopleintheU.S.,accordingtogovernmentfigures,andsmalleralsothantheearlypredictionsforthe2009H1N1fludeaths,whichrangedfrom30,000to90,000.
Itisnotclear,however,thatpastpandemicsareanappropriategaugeforevaluatingthecurrentfluorthatthenewprojectionsarebasedoncompletedata.Theeventualdeathtollof2009H1N1maybelessgrimthantheoutcomesofpreviouspandemics,butitshouldbenotedthat90yearsago,andeven40yearsago,healthofficialslackedtheantiviraltherapiesandnationwidevaccinationcapabilitiesthatareavailabletoday.Thatmayhavecontributedtopandemicshavingamoredevastatingeffectonthehealthofpastpopulations.
Thenewestimatesarealsolessalarmingthanthoseprovided—alsobyLipsitch—tothePresident'sCouncilofAdvisersonScienceandTechnologylastsummernearthestartofthepandemic.Atthetime,researchershadonlypatchydataonthenumberofpeopleinfectedby,andseekingtreatmentfor,thenewflu.TheinitiallybleakpredictionoftheimpactofH1N1—withupto50%oftheU.S.populationbecominginfectedinthefallandwinterof2009,resultinginasmanyas90,000deaths—wasbasedonmodelingofpreviouspandemics.
Fortunately,theworstcasescenariodidnotcometopass."Theworstcaseconsistentwiththedatawehavenowisalotmilderthantheworstcaseconsistentwiththedatawehadinthesummerorspring,"Lipsitchsays.
Still,Lipsitchandotherhealthofficialsacknowledgethatthe2009H1N1pandemicisnotover.WhatworrieshealthofficialsmostisthatasbothseasonalandH1N1fluvirusescirculateamongthepopulation,thetwostrainscouldrecombineintoamorevirulentandaggressiveversionthatcouldcausemorewidespreadillnessandevendeath.Howvirusesbehaveoncetheynestleintoahostiscompletelyunpredictable,butscientistsknowthatinalabdish,seasonalandH1N1flustrainsmixandmatchreadily."I'mthinkingwemayhavedodgedabullethereifinfactwedon'tgetamoreseverewavecomingontheheelsofthecurrentwave,"saysRedlener."Butwe'llseewhathappens."
Asecondwavecouldstillprovemoredeadlythantheseasonalflu,especiallyforyoungchildren.Todate,189childrenhavediedofinfluenzaintheU.S.,themajorityofthemrelatedtoH1N1infection,andthatnumberisalreadyhigherthanthetotalnumberofpediatricdeathsattributedtofluin2008.Lipsitchsaysthatifcurrenttrendshold,H1N1mayendupcausingasmanyinfluenzadeaths,ifnotmore,thantheseasonalflu,whichkillsabout36,00
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