苔丝悲剧原因分析.docx
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苔丝悲剧原因分析.docx
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苔丝悲剧原因分析
AnAnalysisofTess’stragedyinTessofthed’Urbervilles
Abstract
TessoftheD’UrbervillesisoneofthegreatworksbyThomasHardy.Itisagreattragedy,whichwaspublishedin1891.ThistragedycentersonTess,apeasantgirlborninapoorfamily.Everythinghappeninghasitscauses.Tess’stragedyisalsonotaccidental.Thereareseveralaspectsaboutthecauses.Inthispaper,ItrytoexplorethecausesforTess’stragedyinthreeaspects:
(1)theinfluenceoffatalism;
(2)thesocialfactorsconcerned;and(3)Tess’sdualpersonality.
Keywords:
TessoftheD’Urbervilles;ThomasHardy;tragedy;thecauses
摘要
德伯家的苔丝是哈代的巨著之一,1891年出版的一部悲剧。
这部悲剧围绕着出生在贫苦农民家庭的少女苔丝展开。
一切万物皆有因果,苔丝的悲剧也不例外。
苔丝的悲剧结局并不是意外,有各个方面的原因所在。
在这里,我将从以下三个方面,即:
哈代的宿命论,社会因素,和苔丝的性格来分析苔丝悲剧命运的原因。
关键字:
德伯家的苔丝,哈代,悲剧,原因
TableofContents
Acknowledgements……i
Abstractii
摘要iii
TableofContentsiv
Introduction1
ChapterOneHardy'sFatalismintheTragedyofTess3
1.1TheDevelopmentofHardy'sFatalism3
1.2Hardy'sPessimiticFatalisminTess'Tragedy3
ChapterTwoTheSocialFactorsinTess'Tragedy5
2.1TheSocialEnvironmentandtheDevelopmentofCapiatalism5
2.2Tess'PoorFamilyandHerParents'StupidRequirementsofTess5
2.3TheSocialMoralityanditsInfluencesonTess7
2.3.1TheHypocriticalSocialMorality7
2.3.2TheInfluenceofMoralismonTess8
2.4Male'sDominationofFemale9
ChapterThreeTess'PersonalityinHerTragedy11
3.1Tess'Rebellion11
3.2Tess'WeakPointinCharacter13
Conclusion14
WorksCited15
Introduction
1AbriefintroductiontoHardy
1.1Hardyandhislifeenvironment
ThomasHardywasafamousBritishnovelistandpoetinthenineteenthcentury.HecarriedforwardanddevelopedtheliterarytraditionsoftheVictorianAge.Hedescribedthetragicplotsvividlyandtruthfullyinhisworks.Hewasconsideredas“ShakespeareofBritishnovels”.Hardywasborninanamason’sfamilyinDrossier,southwestofEngland,theareathatlaterbecamethefamous“Wessex”inmanyofhisnovels.Hewasexpectedtobecomeanarchitectbyhisparents,andthenhewastrainedasanarchitectandworkedinLondonandDorsetfortenyears.Hardybeganhiswritingcareerasanovelistin1871publishingDesperateRemedies(《计出无奈》).Hewassoonsuccessfulandleftarchitectureforwriting.Hebecameagreatcriticalrealistinthenineteenthcentury—theVictorianAge,duringwhichgreatchangeshadhappenedinthehistoryofwesterncivilization.Asiswellknown,agreatsocialreformationtookplaceinBritain.Thevarioussocialfactorsincludingreligion,politics,science,influencedpeopleandtriedtotransformtheirmentality.Capitalismwashighlydevelopedandstretchedtothevastcountryside,andtheBritishpeoplewerestrugglingforabrightfuturebravelyanddifficultly.ItwasduringthisspecialperiodthatThomasHardyinheritedanddevelopedtheVictorianliterature,producingalotofgreatnovels,especiallyTessoftheD’Urbervilles.Inthesenovels,heexposedthehypocriticalmorals,lawsandpeople’smiserablelife,especiallythewomen’slifeinsocialeconomic,politics,morals,custom,etc.aftertheinvasionofindustrialcapitalismtotheBritishvillages.
1.2Hardy'sphilosophicalidea—fatalismandhisnovels
InHardylife,hehaswrittenmanynovels.HismajorworksareTheReturnoftheNative(1878),TheMayorofCasterBridge(1886),TessoftheD'Urbervilles(1891),andJudetheObscure(1896),thelattertwoconsideredmasterpieces.Hardy'snovelsareallsetagainstthetoughandfrightfulDorsetlandscape(knownasWessexinthenovels).ThetragedyinhisnovelswascertainlyarrangedbyGod'swill.Nomatterhowhardpeopleworkedandresisted,theycouldn’tgetridofthedomination.Thecharactersofhisnovels,forthemajorpartofthepoorerruralclasses,aresympatheticallyandoftenhumorouslyportrayed.TheirliveswererulednotonlybynaturebutalsobyrigidVictoriansocialconventions.Hardy'sstyleisalwayspessimisticandtragic.Hisideahadbeenvividlyexpressedinhisnovels.Everythinginhisstoryleadstooneinevitabletragicending.One’spersonalitydeterminesone’sfate,asisthought,thustheheroesandheroinesinHardy’snovelsaremostlyruralmenandwomenwhosecharacterswereprovincial,tintedwiththetraitsofruralpeople—passionatelikefire,naive,innocentandnarrow-minded—whichononehandmakethemsolovelyandworthsympathy,butcontributetotheirtragedyontheotherhand.
2Antntroductiontothenovel-TessoftheD’Urbervilles
Asiswellknown,TessoftheD'UrbervillesisthemostfamousnovelofThomasHardy.FocusingonthetragicexperienceofitsheroineTess,apeasantgirl,whowasborninapoorfarmer’sfamily.Shehadlivedapoorbutpeacefullife.However,God,begantoplayacrueljokeonthisinnocentgirlwhenherfather,JohnD'UrbervilleslearnedthattheyweredescendedfromtheD’Urbervilles,anancientfamilyoncerenownedinEngland.Tess’sparentswereinanecstasyofdelightoverthenews.HermotherurgedTesstoclaimkinshipwiththeremainingD’Urbervilles,sothatTesscouldmarryagentleman,andthentheywillgetridofthepoorlife.Shewasveryunwilling,butwhenshethoughtofthedeathoftheirhorse,theonlymeanstomaketheirliving,shecametotheD’Urbervilles.ThereshemetAlecD’Urbervilles,whowasattrackedbyTess’sbeautifulappearenceandalwaystriedtoseduceher.Havingreceivedajoboftendingtochickens,TessstayedintheD’Urbervilles.Hertragiclifehadjustbegun.
SoonTesswasrapedandlostherchastity.Shereturnedhomeandtoldhermotherofherterribleexperiences,hopingtogetconsolationfromhermother,butwhathermotheronlyworriedaboutwaswhetherAlecwouldmarryTessornot.Alecutilizedthefactofherpoorfamilyandwantedtohelpher.Thebravegirlrefusedandwenttoworkinthefield,butworsestill,Alectfollowedherfromplacetoplaceinordertopossessheragain.Atlast,TessmanagedtogetridofAlectogivebirthtoherbaby.Thebabydidnotlivelong,however,andafteritsdeath,Tesswenttoadairyfarmasadairymaid.ItwasherethatTessmetAngel,sonofaclergyman,andfellinlovewithhim.Hethoughtofherasabeautifulandinnocentyounggirl.Butherinnocencecausedhertofeelthatshewaswicked,sosherejectedAngelClare'slove.Sherefusedhisloveandurgedhimtoturntooneoftheothergirlseventhoughshesufferedmuchfromagreatgrief.ButAngel,actingagainstthewishesofhisparents,insistedonmarryingwithher.Finally,theygotmarried.ItseemsTesswouldbehappyfromnowon.Ontheirweddingnight,theytoldeachotherabouttheirpasthopingtobeforgivenbyeachother.TessforgaveAngel'spast,andthenshetoldabouthernightmarewithAlec,thinkingthathewouldforgiveherasshehad.ButincontrastAngeldesertedherandleftforBrazil.Inordertokeepherselfandherfamilyalive,Tesshadtobecamealaborinthefieldagain.What’sworse,herfatherdied.WiththebadconditionofherfamilyandnohopetoobtainAngel'sreturn,thepoorgirlwenttoAlecagain,seekinghelpfromAlec,whoisapreachernow,andlivedwithhimashismistress.Unexpectedly,AngelreturnedfromBrazilandrepentedofhiscrueltreatmentofTess.ButTess'srelationshipwithAlecstoppedherfromlivingwithAngelhappily.ShehatedAlecandbelievedallhertragedywascausedbyAlec.Shekilledhim.AfterashorthappylifewithAngel,Tesswasarrestedbythepoliceandhanged.
ChapterOne
Hardy’sfatalisminthetragedyofTess.
1.1ThedevelopmentofHardy'sfatalism.
Fatalismis"thatviewoflifewhichsaysallactionsiscontrolledbythenatureofthingorbyfatewhichisagreatimpersonal,primitiveforceexistingthroughalleternityabsolutelyindependentofhumanwillandsuperiortoanygoodcreatedbyman."(Force,Lorrain.M.1996).Hardy'spessimisticfatalismdevelopedinhissurroundingenvironment.HelivedintimesofafreedomofcapitalismtoimperialismbytheUnitedKingdomafteraperiodofaprosperouseconomy,butalsodeepenedtheplightofpoorpeopleatlowerlevels,especiallyinthenineteenthcentury.HardywasbornandbredinruralEnglandwhichwasfullofthefatalideabywhichhisnovelsweredeeplyimpacted.Thushewitnessedtheinvasionofcapitalistfarmersinruralareasledtobankruptcy,hedepictedinhisworksthatthecapitalismhadbroughtdisastertoruralfarmers,andsympathytotheplightofthefarmers,butduetoHardy'ssociallimitationsoftheera,eventhoughhewouldliketofindawayouttosolvetheseproblems,therewasnorightwaytofreepoorpeopleoftheirmiseryandtoembraceabrightfuture,heultimatelyfailed,whichledhimtobeapessimist.Infact,Hardydidnotunderstandtherootcausesofthisdeclineandrulesofsocialdevelopment.Therefore,heattributedthepeasants'tragedytoblindchanceormysteriousfate.ThiskindoffatalismisrevealedinHardy'smanyworksespeciallyinTessoftheD'Urbervilles.Hardygavetotheinterpretationofthestoryinaccordancewithhispessimistanddeterministviewoftheworld.(Inasense,TessisthevictimofHardy'sfatalism,andhertragedyisthetragedyofthetimewhenHardylives.
1.2Hardy'spessimisticfatalisminTess'tragedy.
Tess'smiserablelifeislinkedwithHardy'sfatalism.Hardytriedtoexplainthemisfortuneofhischaractersintheperspectiveofthesuperiorpower.Inhisnovels,thecharacters'misfortunatefateisinevitable,andevenhardtoresist.InTessoftheD’Urbervilles,Hardythoughtthatitwasthegod’swillthatmadeTess’tragedy,includingherupsanddownsoflife,herpainfulloveandhertragicdeath.Hedemonstratedhisdeepsenseofmoralsympathyforthepure,
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