08年考研英语真题.docx
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08年考研英语真题.docx
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08年考研英语真题
2008年全国硕士研究生考试英语真题及答案
SectionI UseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1 tosayitanyway.Heisthat2 bird,ascientistwhoworksindependently3 anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4 thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfections,whicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested.
5he,however,mighttrembleatthe6 ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientists,heispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7 thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothers,butexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection.
ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest,912-15pointsabovethe10 valueof100,andhavecontributed11 totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12 oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13heyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts,14avepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15 socialeffects,suchasastrongtraditionof16ucation.Thelatterwasseenasa(an)17geneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18isargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19emtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20ateofaffairs.
1. [A]selected [B]prepared
[C]obliged [D]pleased
2. [A]unique [B]particular
[C]special [D]rare
3. [A]of [B]with
[C]in [D]against
4. [A]subsequently [B]presently
[C]previously [D]lately
5. [A]Only [B]So
[C]Even [D]Hence
6. [A]thought [B]sight
[C]cost [D]risk
7. [A]advises [B]suggests
[C]protests [D]objects
8. [A]progress[B]fact
[C]need [D]question
9. [A]attaining [B]scoring
[C]reaching [D]calculating
10. [A]normal [B]common
[C]mean [D]total
11. [A]unconsciously [B]disproportionately
[C]indefinitely[D]unaccountably
12. [A]missions [B]fortunes
[C]interests [D]careers
13. [A]affirm [B]witness
[C]observe [D]approve
14. [A]moreover [B]therefore
[C]however [D]meanwhile
15. [A]givenup [B]gotover
[C]carriedon [D]putdown
16. [A]assessing [B]supervising
[C]administering [D]valuing
17. [A]development [B]origin
[C]consequence [D]instrument
18. [A]linked [B]integrated
[C]woven [D]combined
19. [A]limited [B]subjected
[C]converted [D]directed
20. [A]paradoxical [B]incompatible
[C]inevitable [D]continuous
SectionII ReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Whilestillcatching-uptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.“Womenareparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtoDr.Yehuda,chiefpsychiatristatNewYork’sVeteran’sAdministrationHospital.
Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.
Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,”saysDr.Yehuda.“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,”sheobserves,“it’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”
Dr.Yehudanotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”
AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddobetter.”Later,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.“It’sthehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”
NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.
21. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?
[A]Womenarebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.
[B]Womenarestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.
[C]Womenaremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.
[D]Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.
22. Dr.Yehuda’sresearchsuggeststhatwomen
[A]needextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.
[B]havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.
[C]aremorecapableofavoidingstress.
[D]areexposedtomorestress.
23. AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobe
[A]domesticandtemporary.
[B]irregularandviolent.
[C]durableandfrequent.
[D]trivialandrandom.
24. Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)showsthat
[A]Alvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingmoney.
[B]Alvarez’ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.
[C]Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.
[D]Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.
25. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
[A]StrainofStress:
NoWayOut?
[B]ResponsestoStress:
GenderDifference
[C]StressAnalysis:
WhatChemicalsSay
[D]GenderInequality:
WomenUnderStress
Text2
Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.
Nolonger.TheInternet–andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit–ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.
Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.
Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.
26. Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses
[A]thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.
[B]thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.
[C]therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.
[D]thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.
27. WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?
[A]Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.
[B]Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.
[C]Itupsetsprofit-m
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